kidneys: unfiltered
The access method most commonly used to preform hemodialysis.
What is an AV fistula?
The enzyme inhibited by Warfarin.
(+ certain HLA, TREX1 allele risk factors; T cells also secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines)
The criteria for hypertensive emergency
What is systolic ≥ 180 mmHg a/o diastolic ≥ 120 mmHg w/ signs of acute organ damage?
Standard ratio of oil:vinegar in a vinaigrette
What is 3:1?
The type of anemia expected in ESRD.
What is normocytic, normochromic anemia?
The MOA of Sevelamer
What is a crosslink polymer that binds phosphate in the GI tract (reduced absorption)?
The pathophysiology behind PRES.
What is the hypertension-hyperperfusion hypothesis?
(the brain is capable of auto-regulating cerebral blood flow via vessel constriction/dilation, maxes out around 160 mmHg -> increased hydrostatic pressure -> BBB breakdown -> extravasation of intravascular fluid into brain parenchyma)
The analysis used to differentiate ascites from portal HTN vs. other causes
What is serum-ascites albumin gradient (SAAG)?
1 cup in tablespoons
Electrolyte abnormalities we expect to see in dialysis patients (name 2)
What is:
High K+
Low Ca2+
Low Na+
?The pathways suppressed by mycophenolate mofetil.
What are AKT/mTOR and STAT5 pathways?
The criteria for diagnosing delirium.
What are:
acute onset/fluctuation, inattention
WITH
disorganized thinking OR altered consciousness
?
The first line treatment for a hypertensive emergency (name 2)
What is IV nicardipine, nitroprusside, or labetalol?
These 3 ingredients constitute a mirepoix
The pathophysiology behind dialysis disequilibrium syndrome.
What is cerebral edema due to rapid extraction of osmotically active substances (urea)?
Our patient was at increased risk for this complication because she was taking escitalopram + haloperidol + mirtazapine.
What is QT prolongation?
These medications increase risk of developing pseudotumor cerebri. (name 2)
What are growth hormones, tetracyclines, and vitamin A/derivatives?
The ascitic fluid analysis used to differentiate hepatic vs. cardiac causes of portal HTN
What is Ascitic fluid total protein?
This condiment was used for its medicinal qualities in the 1800s.
What is ketchup?