States of Matter
Which state of matter has a definite shape and volume?
Solid
What property causes water to form droplets on a leaf?
Surface Tension
What is the change from liquid to gas called?
Vaporization
According to Boyle’s Law, what happens to pressure when volume decreases?
Pressure increases
What kind of solid has a regular repeating pattern?
Crystalline Solid
Which two states of matter are considered fluids?
Liquids and Gases
Which liquid flows more slowly: honey or water, and why?
Honey, because it has higher viscosity.
What phase change turns a gas directly into a solid?
Deposition
What gas law describes the relationship between temperature and volume (at constant pressure)?
Charles’s Law
Give an example of an amorphous solid.
Glass, Rubber, Plastic, or Butter
Why do gases fill their containers while solids don’t?
Because gas particles move freely and are far apart.
What causes gas pressure inside a container?
Collisions of gas particles with the walls of the container.
During which phase changes is energy absorbed?
Melting, vaporization, and sublimation.
What unit must be used for temperature in gas law calculations?
Kelvin.
What’s the difference in melting behavior between crystalline and amorphous solids?
Crystalline solids melt at a specific temperature; amorphous solids soften gradually.
What is the fourth state of matter found in stars and fluorescent lights?
Plasma
Why are both liquids and gases classified as fluids?
Because their particles can flow and take the shape of their container.
Why doesn’t temperature change during a phase change, even when energy is added?
Because the energy is used to break or form particle attractions, not to raise temperature.
A balloon is heated and expands. Which law explains this and why?
Charles’s Law, because increasing temperature causes gas to expand if pressure is constant.
Why does salt melt at a specific temperature, but butter softens over time?
Salt is crystalline; butter is amorphous.
Describe the movement and arrangement of particles in a solid compared to a gas.
Solid particles vibrate in place and are tightly packed; gas particles move freely in all directions and are far apart.
Explain how viscosity is related to particle size, shape, and attraction.
Larger, stickier, or oddly shaped particles increase resistance to flow, leading to higher viscosity.
A block of dry ice turns directly into carbon dioxide gas. Name the change and explain what happens at the particle level.
Sublimation; particles gain enough energy to escape directly into gas phase without becoming liquid.
A 3.0 L gas at 2.0 atm is compressed to 2.0 L. What is the new pressure (assume constant temperature)?
3.0 atm (use P₁V₁ = P₂V₂).
Describe the arrangement and energy of particles in crystalline solids.
Particles are arranged in a fixed, repeating pattern with low energy, only vibrating in place.