CV
List one modifiable risk factor that increases your risk of atherosclerosis.
Dyslipidemia
Poor (atherogenic) diet
Cigarette smoking
Hypertension
Diabetes Mellitus, metabolic syndrome, obesity
Lack of physical activity
Certain medications
Thrombogenic state
When is the DRG (dorsal resp group) active?
(Insp or expiration or both?)
Inspiration
Using a general practice clinic as an example, what is one way you could make the practice more culturally safe and beneficial for Aboriginal/Torres Strait Islander patients?
(think about service delivery)
Make clinic “cultural safe”
• bulk billing arrangements
• Accessible location
• allocated days for Indigenous patients
• Transport
• Cultural awareness training for general practice
List two symptoms of chronic anemia.
Chronic
• Pallor, fatigue, lassitude (lack of energy)
• With hemolysis jaundice and gallstones
• With ineffective erythropoiesis iron overload, heart
and endocrine failure
• If severe and congenital growth retardation, bone
deformities due to reactive marrow hyperplasia
• Impaired growth
• Tachycardia/palpitations
• Hepatosplenomegaly
List any contra-indication for suturing.
Presence of foreign bodies
• Injury to underlying structures which require repair (A radiograph of the involved area of injury is
indicated if a fracture or a foreign body is suspected)
• Skin unable to be approximated
• Highly contaminated wound
• Long interval since the time of injury
• Patient co-morbidities or critical condition mean other treatments must be prioritised
If you have a depolarisation wave moving towards an electrode on an ECG, what will happen on the ECG (positive, negative or no deflection)?
Positive
What is ventilation and perfusion?
Ventilation = amount of gas going to the alveoli
Perfusion = amount of blood to alveoli
Name any two health-related jobs that have a delegated practice model.
Remote Area Nurses (RAN)
• Nurse practitioners (NP)
• Physician Assistants (PA)
• Aboriginal Health Workers (AHW)
Name one thing that is reabsorbed and one thing that is secreted in the proximal convuluted tubule?
PCT reabsorbs
– Sodium, chloride, bicarbonate, potassium, glucose, amino acids,
proteins, urea, water
• PCT Secrets
– Hydrogen ion, organic acids, bases, creatinine, bile salts, oxalates,
urates, catecholamine, PAH, histamine
Make a sound that is ‘resonant’ to percussion.
If i can hear It you good
What is the difference between diastole and systole?
(timing)
Diastole: heart muscle relaxed - fills with blood
Systole: heart muscle contracting and pumps out the blood
What is the difference between the tense and relaxed state of hemoglobin?
Relaxed - High O2 affinity (already got some O2 bound - structure is disrupted so it is easier to bind more hemoglobin)
If you were planning to start an outreach centre/clinic, what are three factors you would need to consider?
Justification: is a visiting service warranted given the pop size,
burden of disease and remoteness
2. Scheduling: regularity, frequency and duration of visits matching
the health needs
3. Co-ordination: with local primary care and with other visiting
services.
4. Scope: comprehensive and targeted to needs
5. Continuity: same providers/team
6. Support: for the visiting clinic: and by the visitors eg in upskilling
local staff
What makes up the glomerular filtration barrier?
1. Endothelium of the capillary (fenestrated, have negative charges)
2. Basement membrane (has negative charges)
3. Epithelial cells (podocytes – foot processes, have negative charges)
• Glomerular filtration barrier is selective, filters molecules based on
their size and charg
List at least three things you could look for in general inspection in a respiratory exam. (Right at start)
Cachectic, obese, kyphosis, scoliosis, pectus
excavatum?
B. Level of consciousness & comfort Alert, confused, lethargic, obtunded,
stuporous, etc.? O2 device? Puffers
C. Signs of distress and affect Anxious, exhausted, dyspnoeic, use of
accessory muscles, pursed lip breathing,
cough, wheeze, stridor, hoarseness?
How do you calculate cardiac output?
amount of blood the heart pumps through the
circulatory system per minute
SV * HR
(mL/beat * Beats/minute)
(mL/min)
What is Boyle’s law?
Considering intercultural communication, what is the difference between a high context and low context conversation?
Low context
- Individualism
- explicit information
- Emphasise verbal
- What is said
- Time specific
High context
- Collectivism
- Indirect, less explicit
- Speak less, listen more
- Better at reading non
verbal cue
- What is happening
around you
- time non specific
What histological feature is specific to the cells in the proximal convoluted tubule?
Brush border - important for reabsorption
How would you assess if someone has asterixis?
Dorsiflex wrists, arms outstretched, fingers
spread x 30 seconds
What are the four Starling forces?
Bonus - which pressures push things where in a vessel?
Capillary Hydrostatic pressure
Interstitial fluid pressure
Plasma colloid oncotic pressure
Interstitial fluid colloid oncotic pressure
What is a pulmonary embolism and how does it affect V/Q ratio?
Cause perfusion is basically 0 - no air coming in goes to infinity
What did the National Aboriginal Health Strategy (NAHS) 1989 focus on Improving?
multi sector collaboration addressing social
determinants
•
• Focus on coordination of funding
• Monitoring progress on health
• Emphasise long term approach
If someone has iron deficiency anemia, what will their Iron, Ferritin, Transferrin, and Reticulocyte count be?
(increased, decreased or normal)
Iron - low
Ferritin - low
Transferrin - high
Reticulocyte - low
Name four things you would look for in the lower extremities (legs/feet) in a respiratory exam.
Dry, pallor/erythema, signs of venous stasis,
ulcers, loss of hair, oedema
B. Inspect/Palpate Nails Look carefully, take your time and be observant Clubbing, capillary refill time