Levels of Measurement
"used for categorical variables and involves assigning scores that are category labels" (Jhangiani et al.).
What is Ordinal?
"examines whether the observed change in a
dependent variable is indeed caused by a corresponding change in hypothesized independent
variable, and not by variables extraneous to the research context" (Bhattacherjee , 2012).
What is Internal Validity?
" doing or saying things because they think it is the socially appropriate thing"
What is socially desirable responding?
"those that are expected to have a single underlying dimension."
What is Unidimensional Constructs?
"Binary scales are nominal scales consisting of binary items that assume
one of two possible values, such as yes or no, true or false, and so on"
What is the Binary Scales?
"involves assigning scores so that they represent the rank order of the individuals"(Jhangiani et al.).
What is Ordinal?
"whether the observed associations can be
generalized from the sample to the population , or to other people, organizations, contexts, or time" (Bhattacherjee, 2012).
What is External Validity?
"subtle cues that reveal how the researcher expects participants to behave"
What is Demand Characteristics?
"The combination of indicators at the empirical level
representing a given construct"
What is a Variable?
"his scale includes Likert items that
are simply-worded statements to which respondents can indicate their extent of agreement or
disagreement on a five or seven-point scale ranging from “strongly disagree” to “strongly
agree” "
What is the Likert Scale?
"involves assigning scores using numerical scales in which intervals have the same interpretation throughout. As an example, consider either the Fahrenheit or Celsius temperature scales" (Jhangiani et al.).
What is interval?
"examines how well a given measurement scale is measuring the
theoretical construct that it is expected to measure." (Bhattacherjee, 2012).
What is Construct Validity?
"the mental process by which fuzzy and imprecise constructs and their constituent components are defined in concrete and precise terms"
What is Conceptualization?
"a measure that “reflects” an underlying construct"
What is a Reflective Indicator?
"This is a composite (multi-item) scale where respondents
are asked to indicate their opinions or feelings toward a single statement using different pairs
of adjectives framed as polar opposites"
What is the Semantic Differential scale?
"involves assigning scores in such a way that there is a true zero point that represents the complete absence of the quantity" (Jhangiani et al.).
What is Ratio?
"examines the extent to which conclusions derived using a statistical procedure is valid" (Bhattacherjee, 2012).
What is Statistical Conclusion Validity?
"The process of developing indicators"
What is Operationalization?
"a measure that “forms” or contributes to an
underlying construct"
What is a Formative Indicator?
"based on Emory Bogardus’ social distance technique, which assumes that
people’s willingness to participate in social relations with other people vary in degrees of
intensity, and measures that intensity using a list of items arranged from “least intense” to
“most intense” "
What is Guttman’s cumulative scaling method?