Ventricular system
What is the name of the structure connecting the third and fourth ventricles?
The cerebral aqueduct
What sort of haemorrhage results from an aneurysm of the cerebral arteries
Subarachnoid haemorrhage
The cingulum is an example of what type of white matter?
Association fibres
Describe how the venous sinuses are formed?
The dural venous sinuses are cavities between the periosteal and meningeal layers of the dura
Blood flow occlusion to the lateral aspect of the brainstem is consistent with what sort of neurological deficit?
Sensory deficits
What is the name of the condition that occurs when CSF flow is obstructed and begins to accumulate in the head?
Hydrocephalus
internal carotid arteries x2
vertebral arteries x2
Anterior communicating arteries
Posterior communicating arteries
Name the structures that form the corpus striatus
Caudate nucleus
Lentiform nucleus
Which veins communicate between the dural sinuses and the cerebral veins
Bridging veins
Name the structures that the corticospinal tract passes through in the:
Midbrain
Pons
Medulla
Cerebral peduncles (crus cerebri)
Basilar pons
Pyramids
Name the partition that separates the two lateral ventricles?
Septum Pellucidum
Identify the area supplied by the anterior cerebral artery
Medial surface of the hemispheres to the hypothalamus
Optic chiasm
Which two structures are functional components of the basal ganglia but NOT anatomical components?
Substantia nigra
Subthalamic nucleus
The confluence of sinuses is the point where which sinuses converge?
The sagittal sinus
The straight sinuses
Which cranial nerve emerges from the dorsal aspect of the brainstem?
CNIV
Roughly 150ml of CSF occupies the ventricular system, Where is it secreted and how does it get reabsorbed back into the venous system?
The choroid plexus secretes cerebrospinal fluid into the lateral, 3rd and 4th ventricles, this fluid is then returned to the venous sinuses via the arachnoid granulations/villi
Name at least 2 signs and symptoms might you observe in a patient with middle cerebral artery occlusion?
Can you name the neural structures related to these deficits?
Paresis of the contralateral upper limb and face (lateral aspect of the pre-central gyrus)
Sensory loss in the upper limb and face (lateral aspect of the post-central gyrus)
Receptive dysphasia (Wernicke's area)
Expressive dysphasia (Broca's area)
Homonymous hemianopia in the contralateral visual field (optic radiation of the posterior limb of the internal capsule)
Describe the organisation of the internal capsule
Seperated into the posterior (sensory) and anterior (motor) limbs
Each limb will contain tracts from the face, arms and legs organised anteriorly to posteriorly respectively
Briefly describe the location of the cavernous sinus and name the critical cardiovascular structure which passes through this region
The cavernous sinuses are located on the lateral aspects of the sphenoid bone and sella turcica and medial to the uncus of the temporal lobe
The internal carotid artery passes through the cavernous sinus
What symptoms may be evident in someone with a lesion of the cerebellum? Which side would these symptoms arise (relative to the lesion)?
Ataxic gait
intention tremor
incoordination of speech
incoordination of eye movement
These symptoms would occur on the SAME side as the lesion
Describe the pathway of the internal carotid artery, beginning from its entry into the skull
Arises from the common carotid artery
Enter skull via carotid canal
Arches over foramen lacerum
Runs in gutter either side of the sella turcica
Sits on the anterior clinal process
Emerges from the dural roof of the cavernous sinus
Parkinson's disease is the most common disorder of the basal ganglia. Name which structure is effected by this disease and list 2 symptoms associated with the degeneration of this structure
Degeneration of the dopaminergenic neurones of the substantia nigra
Symptoms:
Akinesia
Tremors
Rigidity