ACID BASE
A dog has a low blood pH but normal bicarbonate. What would this be called?
What is acidemia?
What occurs during diarrhea that leads an electrolyte imbalanced?
What is loss of bicarbonate in feces?
List the three mechanisms that regulate serum potassium.
What are intake, renal excretion, and shifting?
A dog presents mildly dehydrated after 24 hours of decreased water intake. Laboratory results show mild azotemia with a urine specific gravity (USG) of 1.045. The dog is otherwise bright, alert, and clinically stable.
Which interpretation best explains these findings?
A. The kidneys are failing to concentrate urine due to intrinsic renal disease
B. The azotemia reflects post-renal obstruction with appropriate compensation
C. The kidneys are functioning normally in response to decreased perfusion
D. The findings indicate early renal azotemia prior to loss of concentrating ability
E. The azotemia indicates glomerular disease with preserved tubular function
C. The kidneys are functioning normally in response to decreased perfusion
Which UA parameter directly reflects renal concentrating ability?
What is USG?
A blood gas sample from a dog shows a decreased pH and an increased PCO₂. The sample was obtained from a venous sample
Which interpretation is most appropriate based on the sample type?
A. A primary respiratory acidosis can be definitively diagnosed using this sample
B. A primary metabolic acidosis can be ruled out based on the elevated PCO₂
C. The acidemia can be identified, but respiratory status cannot be definitively assessed
D. The disorder must be mixed because venous PCO₂ is normally elevated
E. The acid–base disorder cannot be interpreted using venous blood samples
C. The acidemia can be identified, but respiratory status cannot be definitively assessed
A horse with prolonged sweating becomes weak. Which electrolyte change is expected?
hyponatremia
Why does urinary obstruction cause hyperkalemia before renal failure labs rise?
What is decreased renal excretion of K⁺?
Cat with BUN increased. Crt increased. USG 1.010, small kidneys on ultrasound. What is this?
CKD
Which UA finding best supports glomerular disease?
What is significant proteinuria without inflammation?
Vomitting gastric content leads to which abnormality?
metabolic alkalosis with hypochloremia
A horse on lush pasture has muscle temors and ataxia. Serum Mg =0.8mg/dL (RI 1.8-2.5) what is the cause? what is this cause called?
Hypomagnesemia
Grass tetanty
Addisonian dog with weakness and collapse . which electrolyte pattern is classic?
What is hyperkalemia with hyponatremia?
Why does SDMA rise earlier than creatinine?
What is greater sensitivity to decreased GFR?
A dog presents with peripheral edema and ascites. Urinalysis shows:
Marked proteinuria
Inactive sediment
No evidence of infection
Which renal structure is most likely primarily affected?
A. Proximal tubules due to impaired reabsorption
B. Distal tubules barrier due to electrolyte imbalance
C. Renal interstitium due to chronic inflammation
D. Glomerular filtration barrier due to increased permeability
E. Renal pelvis disfunction due to ascending infection in the tubules
D. Glomerular filtration barrier due to increased permeability
Blood gas : pH 7.25 (RI 7.35-7.45)
PaCO 25mmHG RI (35-45)
HCO 12mEq/L (RI 22-26)
interpret
metabolic acidosis with respiratory compensation
A patient has alkalemia but normal bicarbonate. What system is responsible?
What is the respiratory system?
Blocked cat with ECG changes. what would be the first thing to deathly affect them if not treated.
What is hyperkalemia-induced arrhythmia?
What type of azotemia is caused by a decrease in renal blood flow via dehydration or shock, also decreasing the GFR in the process?
pre renal
UA shows proteinuria, edema, and effusions — name the syndrome.
What is protein-losing nephropathy?
A dog presents with lethargy and tachypnea. Blood gas analysis shows decreased pH and decreased bicarbonate. Serum electrolytes are:
Na⁺: 148 mmol/L
Cl⁻: 108 mmol/L
HCO₃⁻: 14 mmol/L
Which option best interprets the patient’s acid–base disorder and explains how the anion gap is determined?
A. A primary metabolic acidosis is present, identified by decreased bicarbonate with a proportional increase in chloride
B. A metabolic acidosis is present, identified using blood gas values without the need for serum electrolytes
C. A primary respiratory acidosis is present, identified by decreased pH and compensatory bicarbonate loss
D. A mixed acid–base disorder is present, identified by simultaneous decreases in bicarbonate and PaCO₂
E. A primary metabolic acidosis is present, identified by decreased bicarbonate with accumulation of unmeasured anions
E. A primary metabolic acidosis is present, identified by decreased bicarbonate with accumulation of unmeasured anions
A cat with urinary obstruction has ECG changes (tented T waves). K= 8.5 mmol/L (RI 3.5-5.5) whats the condition? what is this caused from?
Hyperkalemia from post renal azotemia
A dog presents with weakness and bradycardia. Laboratory data reveal severe hyperkalemia, hyponatremia, and mild metabolic acidosis, with normal creatinine.
Explain why potassium is elevated in this patient and identify the renal mechanism involved.
Loss of aldosterone decreases sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion in the distal nephron, leading to hyperkalemia despite normal renal function.
A cat presents with abdominal distension following trauma. Bloodwork shows increased BUN, creatinine, and potassium, while urine specific gravity is inconsistent.
Explain the pathophysiologic mechanism responsible for the azotemia in this patient.
Urine leakage into the peritoneal cavity allows diffusion of creatinine and potassium from urine into blood, resulting in post-renal azotemia.
A dog has peripheral edema and ascites. Urinalysis shows marked proteinuria with an inactive sediment and no evidence of inflammation or hemorrhage.
Identify the most likely site of renal injury and explain how this leads to the urinalysis findings.
Damage to the glomerular filtration barrier increases permeability to albumin, causing proteinuria without inflammatory sediment and resulting in protein-losing nephropathy.