Acid-Base& Blood Gas
A decreased blood pH due to increased hydrogen ion concentration is this condition.
What is acidemia?
Acidemia refers specifically to ↓ blood pH. Acidosis refers to the process causing it
Major extracellular cation.
What is Na⁺?
Azotemia due to decreased renal perfusion is classified as this type.
What is prerenal azotemia?
Normal urine specific gravity in a well-hydrated dog is typically above this value.
What is 1.030?
The bladder has three gross parts: apex, body, and this caudal structure.
What is the neck?
A primary respiratory disorder alters this measured blood gas variable.
What is PaCO₂?
Respiratory disorders change PaCO₂; metabolic disorders change HCO₃⁻.
Hypokalemia can promote this acid-base disorder due to H⁺ shifting intracellularly.
What is metabolic alkalosis?
Intrinsic renal damage leading to impaired filtration is this classification.
What is renal azotemia?
Protein in urine without active sediment suggests this condition.
What is glomerular disease?
The triangular internal region bounded by ureteral openings and the urethral exit is called this.
What is the trigone?
A decreased bicarbonate concentration due to buffering accumulated lactate is classified as this subtype of metabolic acidosis.
What is organic (titrational) metabolic acidosis?
Organic acids (lactate, ketones) consume HCO₃⁻
Chronic kidney disease commonly causes this electrolyte abnormality due to decreased excretion.
What is hyperphosphatemia?
Chronic kidney disease often produces anemia due to decreased production of this hormone.
What is erythropoietin?
RBC casts indicate bleeding from which region?
What is the renal tubules?
The detrusor muscle is primarily controlled by this nerve.
What is the pelvic nerve (parasympathetic)?
A metabolic acidosis with elevated unmeasured anions due to CKD most commonly accumulates these inorganic ions.
What are phosphate and sulfate?
Inorganic acidosis in CKD results from PO₄⁻ and SO₄⁻ accumulation.
Severe hyperkalemia most immediately threatens this organ system.
What is the cardiovascular system (arrhythmias)?
Obstruction of urine flow causing dilation of the ureter is called this.
What is hydroureter?
Struvite crystals are commonly associated with this urine pH.
What is alkaline urine?
Voluntary control of the urethralis muscle is supplied by this nerve.
What is the pudendal nerve?
A dog with metabolic acidosis begins hyperventilating. This compensation shifts the bicarbonate buffer equilibrium in which direction?
Toward CO₂ elimination, reducing H⁺ concentration.
↓ PaCO₂ pulls the reaction H⁺ + HCO₃⁻ ↔ H₂CO₃ ↔ CO₂ + H₂O to the right, lowering H⁺.
Renal failure causing retention of hydrogen ions and decreased bicarbonate results in this primary disorder.
What is metabolic acidosis?
A bladder tumor with predilection for the trigone region is most commonly this carcinoma.
What is transitional cell carcinoma (TCC)?
A patient with isosthenuria and azotemia most likely has failure of this renal function.
What is concentrating ability (tubular function)?
On ultrasound, the bladder wall consists of four layers in this alternating echogenic pattern.
Hypoechoic → Hyperechoic → Hypoechoic → Hyperechoic
(mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa)