Structure & Function of the Lungs
Ventilation & Perfusion
Cardiopulmonary Assessment
Oxygen Therapy & Complications
Nursing Interventions
100
Name two parts of the upper airway.
Nasopharynx (nose) and oropharynx (mouth).
100
Define ventilation.
Flow of air into and out of the alveoli.
100
What is hypoxemia?
Low oxygen in the blood.
100
What is oxygen therapy used for?
To treat or prevent hypoxemia.
100
Name one nursing action to improve oxygenation.
Encourage deep breathing and coughing.
200
How many lobes does the right lung have?
Three
200
Define perfusion.
Flow of blood into alveolar capillaries.
200
What is hypoxia?
Lack of oxygen at the cellular level.
200
Name two oxygen delivery devices.
Nasal cannula and simple face mask.
200
What position promotes the best lung expansion?
Semi-Fowler’s or high-Fowler’s position.
300
What is the function of surfactant in the lungs?
Keeps alveoli from collapsing.
300
What happens to the diaphragm during inhalation?
Contracts and moves downward to expand the thorax.
300
What are intercostal retractions a sign of?
Airway obstruction or respiratory distress.
300
What can happen if too much oxygen is given to COPD patients?
Carbon dioxide retention (hypercapnia).
300
What is the purpose of incentive spirometry?
Prevent atelectasis and improve ventilation
400
Define bronchodilation and bronchoconstriction.
Bronchodilation = airway expansion; Bronchoconstriction = airway narrowing.
400
What is the purpose of gas exchange in the alveoli?
Exchange oxygen into blood and remove carbon dioxide.
400
What are cardiopulmonary risk factors?
Smoking, obesity, inactivity, anemia, and chronic lung disease.
400
What is oxygen toxicity?
Lung damage due to prolonged high oxygen concentrations.
400
What should the nurse monitor for patients on oxygen therapy?
Skin breakdown around tubing and nasal dryness.
500
Which two nervous systems control the lungs?
Parasympathetic and sympathetic systems.
500
What are two factors that increase the work of breathing?
Decreased lung compliance and increased airway resistance.
500
Which muscles are used when a patient is in respiratory distress?
Accessory muscles.
500
What should always be assessed before and after oxygen therapy?
Oxygen saturation and respiratory effort.
500
What nursing intervention helps mobilize secretions?
Chest physiotherapy or hydration.