History of US Spanish Language Broadcasting
Q: Rodriguez refers to what as "a fissure between two worlds"?
A: What is a transnational terrain?
"The processes that symbolically transformed Latin American residents of the United States and their descendants into a social grouping that is today called the Hispanic audience (or Hispanic market) have their historical roots in the complex, contradictory dynamism of the social history of the southwestern region of the country"
Q: What are the two key variables that have historically contributed to racial inequality and are present within the web’s environment?
A: What is
"This finding supports the notion that race may play a significant role in arbitrating systems of value, access an opportunity online in ways that they have historically done so offline. The findings in this paper are significant as well because once we know that segregation and disparate value exist in the online environment, we know what questions remain for research to ask and answer to fully determine whether and how racial inequality may get produced on the web."
Q: “We were told once, by virtue of our bondage, that we could never be _____. But it was by virtue of our bondage that we became the most _____ of all.”
A: What is American?
Q: March 5, 1770: Crispus Attucks, a fugitive from slavery who works as dockworker, becomes the first American to die for the cause of _____ after being shot in a clash with British troops.
A: What is independence?
Q: "TMNT" stands for what popular 1987 cartoon series?
A: What is Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles?
Q: The US ethnic minority designation "Hispanic" is most notably a product of?
A: What is U.S. Spanish language broadcasting?
"The melding of economic and cultural analysis in an examination of the social practices that collectively constituted the production of the Hispanic audience focuses attention on the interaction of US Latinos with the commercial sphere of the dominant society."
"This research would not have resonated in the communications industry if the broader popular culture had not also been developing new conceptualizations of "Hispanics." One of the key actors in the reproduction of Hispanics as a national minority was government at local, state and federal levels. The term "Hispanic" began to be used with increasing frequency by governmental agencies to designate Spanish surnamed or Spanish speaking peoples in the 1970's. In 1980 the Census Bureau used this "generic ... homogenizing label" for the first time on its survey forms."
"Simply put, US Latinos, people of Latin American descent and Latin American immigrants, are not born "Hispanic." Latinos do not generally refer to them-selves as "Hispanic," certainly not amongst themselves. As a group, they under-stand themselves as racially and culturally diverse peoples whose primary self-identification is their Latin American nationality, e.g. "I'm Mexican," "I'm Peruvian," "I'm Puerto Rican.""
Q: The Neoconservative racial project extends to the web, which mobilizes a spatial logic online that mirrors ......
A: What is the spatial/geographical production of racial inequality offline
"By structuring the spatial relationships between people and valuable resources (land, property, infrastructure and institutions), geography formed the foundation for persistent racial problems: segregation, urbanization, ghettoization, race migration, racial zoning, redlining, blockbusting, bussing, integration, gentrification, steering, property tax funding of education, gerrymandering, racially exclusive social networks and the like."
Q: “There is no mention of _____ in the final Declaration of Independence. Similarly, 11 years later, when it came time to draft the Constitution, the framers carefully constructed a document that preserved and protected _____ without ever using the word.
A: What is slavery?
Q: “In order to understand the brutality of American _____, you have to start on the plantation.”
A: What is capitalism?
Q: Name 2 colors that were worn by the main characters in the popular 2000's TV show "The Wiggles".
A: What are blue, yellow, red, and purple?
Q: Who is described as "a genius packaging the nationalistic nostalgia of Mexican popular culture"?
A: Who is Emilio Azcārraga?
"His export of these commercial formulas to the US borderlands helped shape a US Spanish speaking mass audience. With the success of his US broadcasts, Azcârraga became the largest and most influential producer of US Spanish language radio programming."
What does Mcilwain's research tell us about racial identity and identification on the web?
A: What is
Q: “Like most young people, I thought I understood so much, when in fact I understood so little. My father knew exactly what he was doing when he raised that _____. He knew that our people’s contributions to building the richest and most powerful nation in the world were indelible, that the United States simply would not exist without us.”
A: What is flag?
Q: “For centuries, black music, forged in bondage, has been the sound of complete artistic _____. No wonder everybody is always stealing it.”
A: What is freedom?
Q: According to the Cheetos website, the orange or red Cheeto dust you get all over yourself — and can't help but lick — is called "_____".
A: What is "cheetle"?
Q: In 1960 Spanish language radio accounted for more than __% of all US foreign language radio.
A: What is 60%?
"Spanish was the only foreign language to command entire stations and entire broadcast days. The Spanish speaking audience is in many ways the ideal specialized audience. Language, race, and its close association with Mexico made it an easily identifiable audience, though once again it was largely afforded programming in the off-peak hours."
Q: The main argument Mcilwain presents is ....
A: What is - we must conceptualize racial inequality online as a racial – more than purely technological – formation
"Racial formation reflects the ways that individuals and communities conceptualize, represent and articulate the meaning of race, and its significance. Racial formation also encompasses the means by which racial meanings are systemically incorporated, circulated and appropriated by institutions that automatically produce and reproduce, sustain or challenge an existing social and political order that confers access, privilege and power along racial lines."
Q: “So when I was young, that flag outside our home never made sense to me. How could this black man, having seen firsthand the way his country abused black Americans, how it refused to treat us as full citizens, proudly fly its banner? I didn’t understand his _____. It deeply embarrassed me.”
A: What is patriotism?
Q: “A vast wealth gap, driven by segregation, _____, evictions and exclusion, separates white and black America.”
A: What is redlining?
Q: Where did professor Li receive her PhD?
A: What is New York University
Q: In 1976 ______ became the first US broadcaster to distribute its signal by satellite.
A: What is SIN - Spanish International Network?
"SIN, from its inception in 1961 with two television stations in the southwest, had ambitions to produce a national US Spanish language television audience. Crucially, SIN had no competition: the network bought out potential rivals across the country, assuring that there was no other Spanish language television service available in the United States."
"By 1982, SIN could claim that it was reaching 90 per cent of the Latino house-holds in the United States with 16 owned and operated UHF stations, 100 repeater stations and more than 200 cable outlets."
Q: The three conversations about racial inequality on the web are ...
What is
Q: “ It is not incidental that 10 of this nation’s first 12 presidents were enslavers, and some might argue that this nation was founded not as a democracy but as a _____.”
A: What is slavocracy?
Q: “Slavery gave America a fear of black people and a taste for violent punishment. Both still define our _____ system.”
A: What is criminal-justice?
Q: What is Sanna's motto?
A: What is lookin on the bright (i.e. yolky) side - sannasideup