Week 1
Which muscle of the pectoral girdle is responsible for pulling the neck laterally?
BONUS: what lymph node does it cover?
Omo and Prescapular
Which NSAID is preferred for use in horses because it has less side effects (since it only inhibits COX2)?
Firocoxib
What structures are profiled in a DMPLO of the equine carpal joint? What about in a DLPMO?
DMPLO- MC II fully articulates with C2
DLPMO- MC IV does not fully articulate with C4
What are the three branches of the trigeminal nerve?
Ophthalmic, Maxillary, and Mandibular
What must be occurring for the stay apparatus to work ?
Weight bearing
In dogs and cats the condyle of the humerus is divided medially into a trochlea and laterally into a capitulum. The trochlea articulates with what? Additionally, what does the capitulum articulate with?
Trochlea- Ulna
Capitulum- radius
Which muscles is the most powerful extensor of the hip, retractor and abductor of the limb? What is the innervation for this muscle?
Middle gluteal m.
Cranial gluteal n.
What are the phases of repair of tendons? Which collagen dominates in which phase?
Acute response phase
Cell proliferation (type III collagen)
Remodeling (type I collagen)
What nerve supplies motor innervation to the diaphragm?
Phrenic nerve (5, 6 and 7th cervical nerves)
How many pastern joints does a cow have?
8
Which muscles does the lacertus fibrosus connect to in the horse? What is the function of this?
Biceps brachii and the extensor carpi radialis (which will insert on MC3)
This will keep the joints fixed while standing participating in the stay apparatus
List the medial muscles of the thigh. What is the innervation for these muscles?
Sartorius m (femoral n)
Gracilis m, pectineus m, adductor m (obturator n)
So most of the medial muscles are innervated by the obturator and if there is damage to it clinical signs that would be seen is splayed legs
What bones make up the coffin joint on a horse distal limb?
P3, navicular and P2
Regarding muscle spindles and Golgi organs and AP frequency, what will happen when a muscle (that they monitor) is stretched?
Spindle- inc AP freq
Golgi- dec AP freq
and vice versa for muscle contraction
Besides as a local anesthetic, what else can lidocaine be used to treat?
Acute ventricular arrhythmias
What are all the names of the check ligaments for the SDFT and DDFT and which limbs are they found in?
SDFT- accessory ligament of the SDFT, proximal/superior/radial check ligament (present ONLY in the forelimb)
DDFT- accessory ligament of the DDFT, distal/inferior check ligament (present in the forelimb and hindlimb)
What is the difference in cervical vertebral instability and cervical static stenosis in horses?
Cervical vertebral instability- younger (8-18 months), C3-C5, causes ventroflexion
Cervical static stenosis- olderish (1-4 yrs), C5-C7, causes static stiffness in the neck, ALSO KNOWN AS WOBBLER SYNDROME
What fluid filled synovial sac is found between the coffin joint sesamoid and the DDFT tendon?
Navicular bursa
What are characteristics of UMN and LMN lesions?
UMN- Spasticity, hyperreflexia, and normal to exaggerated reflexes
LMN- Hyporeflexia, muscel atrophy, fasciculations, and flaccid paralysis
Where does the stratum medium extend from and in what fashion in equids?
Produced by the coronary dermis and structured in tubules
Violet, a 6 yr old F bay quarter horse, presents to your clinic for the complaint of decreased performance in the hunter jumper ring. When examining her there are no significant findings when she is trotted in the ring non-weight bearing. When you examine her under the saddle you notice a hip hike on the L rear leg. Which leg is lame and what is the score of lameness out of 5?
L hind limb is lame and 2/5
Describe the reciprocal apparatus. What is its function in the stay apparatus?
In the hindlimb of the horse the peroneus tertious is on the cranial aspect connecting from the femur to the tarsus. On the caudal aspect the SDFT connects to the femur and the calcaneus, 1st and 2nd phalanx. These structures together form the reciprocal apparatus which is responsible for simultaneous stifle and hock joint flexion.
What x-ray position is great for viewing femoral head fractures?
Frog
Which group of muscles is key for propulsive power?
Gluteal muscles
What is the pathophysiology of osteogenesis imperecta ?
Mutation in genes that code for collagen type 1 leading to osteopenia-> bone fractures, dec bone density, joint laxity, dental abnormalities, and blue sclera