Year 1 & 2: Readings on Inequities
Week 1 through 5: Readings + Bonus
Week 6: Education Funding Inequities I
Intersecting Educational Finance, Politics, and Law with Racism (Alemán, 2013)
School finance, race, and
reparations (Green et al., 2021)
reparations (Green et al., 2021)
100
Who wrote the following?
“I am arguing that our focus on the achievement gap is akin to a focus on the budget deficit, but what is actually happening to African American and Latina/o students is really more like the national debt. We do not have an achievement gap; we have an education debt.”
(Ladson-Billings, 2006) From the Achievement Gap to the Education Debt: Understanding Achievement in U.S. Schools
100
U.S. public schools are primarily funded by public dollars through what three types of funding?
Federal, State, and Local
100
Who reported findings that “Districts that rely on states are more vulnerable to economic fluctuation and recessions.”
(Knight et al., 2022)
100
Counter-storytelling to provide a space for the “voices” and experiences of marginalized communities and students to emerge is a methodology of what framework?
Critical Race Theory (Solórzano & Yosso, 2001 as cited Alemán, 2013)
100
What is the term defined by Willian Darrity and Kristen Mullen for "a program of acknowledgment, redress, and closure of a grievance injustice," which in the case of Blacks "include[s] slavery, legal segregation (Jim Crow), and ongoing discrimination and stigmatization."
Reparations
200
Who wrote the following?
“Dark students and their families are sharecroppers, never able to make up the cost or close the gap because they are learning in a state of perpetual debt with no relief in sight.”
Bettina L. Love, We Want to Do More Than Survive: Abolitionist Teaching and the Pursuit of Educational Freedom
200
Which reading found the following findings?
-Per-pupil spending can improve student outcomes
-School resources that make a difference in student outcomes cost money (class size, early childhood education, teacher compensation, etc.)
-The level and distribution of funding can improve student outcomes if equitably allocated.
(Baker, 2016) Does Money Matter in Education?
200
Baker (2014) characterizes what as “affluent suburbs with big houses on tree-lined streets, palatial high schools, top-notch lacrosse and fencing teams, and elite orchestras contrasted with nearby urban ghettos replete with overcrowded and crumbling schools, high crime, and considerable dropout rates” (p. 10).
Savage Inequalities
200
Fill in the blank. The majority of school finance scholarship and policymaking is developed and evaluated from a(n) ________ perspective.
economic
200
In spite of decades of school and school finance litigation in the aftermath of Brown, racial funding disparities still remain to the present day. A report by the nonprofit group EdBuild found that school districts serving predominantly nonwhite students received $23_______ less than white districts during the 2015-16 school year.
billion
300
Who wrote the following?
“Very few Americans will directly proclaim that they are in favor of black people being left to the streets. But a very large number of Americans will do all they can to preserve the Dream. No one directly proclaimed that schools were designed to sanctify failure and destruction. But a great number of educators spoke of ‘personal responsibility’ in a country authored and sustained by a criminal responsibility. The point of this language of ‘intention’ and ‘personal responsibility’ is broad exoneration. Mistakes were made. Bodies were broken. People were enslaved. We meant well. We tried our best. “Good intention” is a hall pass through history, a sleeping pill that ensures the Dream."
Ta-Nehisi Coates, Between the World and Me
300
Which professor said, "We are all artists who have the paintbrushes...it is up to us to draw what has never been drawn before."
Dr. Rudy Crew
300
Which reading provided the following image showing the local, state, and federal funding differences in average adjusted funding?
(Knight et al., 2022)
300
Name one of the first scholars to consider the usefulness of CRT frameworks in the study of educational issues, applied the framework to the experiences of students and communities of color, while also cautioning researchers about embracing the new theoretical framework without developing rigorous methods.
Gloria Ladson-Billings (1997), William Tate (1997), or Daniel Solórzano (1998)
300
Name one of the discussed Black-white school funding disparities in the aftermath of Brown.
Property Taxes, Insufficient General State Aid, or Stealth Inequalities (state aid funding formulas)
400
Who wrote about educational methods of colonization, such as the denial of education, defining it as an “Attempt by a ruling group to control another culture by denying it an education. The assumption is that education will empower a group to throw off the shackles of its domination. This method was used in the United States to attempt to control enslaved Africans and sometimes used with other groups such as Chinese Americans, Mexican Americans, and Native Americans.”
(Spring, 2016), Deculturization and the struggle for equality
400
Albright et al. (2019) stated that “Embedded in LCFF is the idea that students with greater ___________ _________
require additional resources.
academic needs
400
Which additional reading discussed the following?
“Instructional spending, which includes teacher salaries and classroom materials, is a critical factor influencing achievement. Schools with higher instructional allocations may attract more experienced and qualified teachers, potentially improving student outcomes.”
(Condron & Roscigno, 2003)
400
Which framework builds upon the work of CRT scholars in educational research who have begun to map out how race and racism are central to the policy process or examine the effects that educational policies have on communities and students of color.
Critical race political analysis and policy framework
400
What two of the four specific effects of housing discrimination presented by Green et al. (2021)?
1. Lost property tax revenues due to depressed values
2. Inequitable taxation in the form of higher tax rates adopted to offset revenue losses
3. School finance policies which capitalize on and/or reinforce historical disparities
4. Increased costs of achieving common outcome goals for children in the presence of racial isolation
500
Name five characteristics of White Supremacy Culture as identified by Okun (2023).
Possible Answers: perfectionism, sense of urgency, defensiveness, quantity over quality, worship of the written word, only one right way, paternalism, either/or thinking, power hoarding, fear of open conflict, individualism, I’m the only one, progress is bigger, more, objectivity, & right to comfort
500
_____ _______ laws were a collection of state and local statutes that legalized racial segregation.
Jim Crow
500
Name the five Typological Fiscal Disadvantages as identified by Baker (2014).
Savage Inequalities, Stealth Inequalities, Some Politics is Still Local, Not-so-blurred lines, Shift Happens
500
Name one of the central tenets that CRT scholars generally operate under.
-Racism is endemic and ingrained in U.S. society, especially when considering institutions and systems (see Bell, 1995)
-The civil rights movement and subsequent laws require a critical reinterpretation and an analysis of power and privilege (see Bell, 2004)
-Concepts of neutrality, objectivity, color-blindness, and meritocracy are myths that must be challenged (see Parrish, 2006)
-Providing a space for the “voices” of marginalized people to be centered and heard is vital to reform (see Solórzano & Yosso, 2002b)
-Although race and racism are central to social phenomena, intersectionality with other identities, such as gender, class, sexual orientation, citizenship status, and language must be considered (see Valdés, 1997)
-Whiteness is constructed as the “ultimate property” (see Harris, 1995; McIntosh, 1990)
500
What are two parts of the four-part plan presented by Green et al. (2021) for state legislation?
(1) Compensation to school districts caused by unequal taxation
(2) rebates to Black property taxpayers covering Black-white differentials in residential Taxation
(3) redistribution of school finance and aid distributions based on systemic racism
(4) increased funding to Black school districts that are experiencing racial isolation