Fear and
Anxiety
Anxiety
Apprehension anticipation of future danger or misfortune accompanied by a feeling of dysphoria or somatic symptoms of tension.
what 3 chemical messengers are deeply involved with stress and depression?
1. norepinephrine
2. serotonin
3. dopamine
Name 3 symptoms of major depression
1. loss of pleasure
2. anhedonia
3. sleep disturbances
4. irritability and frustration
5. change in weight or appetite
6. worthlessness or guilt
7. indecisveness
8. thoughts of death or suicidal ideation
What structure plays the biggest role in anxiety (mediates the most)?
BNST: Bed nucleus of the stria terminalis
How do you remedy chronic stress when you're compromised by your environment?
Find safety zones in life
How soon do get thoughts of fear vs anxiety?
quick for fear, stimuli is present
anxiety: something bad in the future
Elevated levels of glucocorticoids
passive resignation produced by repeated exposure to negative events that are perceived to be unavoidable even when the organism has power to change aspects of their circumstances
What shortcut does our brain make when processing information
brain ignores most information, draws attention to what is at hand, i.e zebra fighting predator and its pain level
What brain structure is stress response inhibited by?
Ventral medial PFC
What nucleur structure mediates the most responses from anxiety
BNST- bed nucleus of the stria terminalis
What is the purpose of tricyclics?
block the reuptake of neurotransmitters in the axon terminal, keeping them in synaptic cleft to help navigate signals to the next neuron.
Why can't we always use anti-glucocorticoids as antidepreessants
still need to do research on the right dose, and some who have depression have regular glucocorticoid levels
What happens to our neurons in the hippocampus when we are stressed
neuron gets smaller, dendrites shrink in length
What is the evolutionary explanation for the GUTS model?
Stress response is default because we are stressed when our safety is not assured.
Describe the smouse experienct of Bob and Fred to explain uncertainty.
we will decide if you are good enough hehe
Name one of the depressive symptoms that norepinephrine mediates
1. concentration
2. interest
3. motivation
Glucocorticoid levels
Main brain regions that regulate mood, and when would you use one?
Frontal Cortex: exposures to chronic stress
Hippocampus; provides negative feedback loop to HPA axis, atrophied when really strephed
Dorsal Raphe Nuclei, stress regulation, serotonergic projection to other areas
Why does having poor health and fitness lead to having chronic stress?
Unfit people perceive challenges to be more difficult as the brain does not predict complete safety under a compromised body
What is hypervigilance, give one example in how it applies in real world
enhanced state of alertness to potential threats or dangers
example:
backpack left alone in airport
people who seem like hunters
Describe the role of neurotransmitters and what happens after they are released?
2. recycled or enzyme degrades them
Describe what psychomotor retardation is and its effect on suicidal thoughts.
depressed person moves and speaks slowly
Which demand evalution given by soccer about soccer could lead to two ways, which ways could it lead to seeing the event
Challenge: cardiac response
Thread: vascular response
Why is the cognitive bias approach flawed?
Does not explain continuous anxious responses and anxiety continues to occur even without a threat in mind