Innate Immunity
List the phagocytic cells of the immune system
Macrophages, Neutrophils, Dendritic Cells
What can trigger the complement system?
antibodies binding to antigens of pathogen surface or complement protein binding to surface of pathogens
What molecule makes up adaptive immunity?
antibody
What are the acute inflammatory exudates?
Serous, Serohemorrhagic, Fibrinous, Catarrhal, Purulent/Suppurative
Leukogram mainly seen in excited cats
Catecholamine Leukogram
First phagocyte to respond to infections when called in by cytokines from sentinel cell.
Neutrophils
Protein that activates the classical pathway.
C1 complex
What do T-helper cells release when activated?
cytokines
Name the exudate: increased leakiness or damage of vessels; yellow, rough, or stringy; can restrict organ function and movement
Fibrinous exudate
Leukocytosis, neutrophilia with no left shift, lymphocytosis, (+/-) reactive lymphocytes
Chronic Inflammatory Leukogram
Kill (virus-)infected host cells and host tumor cells. Not by phagocytosis.
Natural Killer Cells
Name the pathway: Spontaneous C3 hydrolysis to C3b
Alternative Pathway
Which adaptive cell must have its antigen presented to it?
T-cell
What might indicate that the body is conceding to containment in chronic inflammation?
Presence of granulomas
Leukocytosis, neutrophilia with renerative left shift (bands >1,000), lymphopenia, monocytosis
Acute Inflammatory Leukogram
Signals for cell survival, proliferation, differentiation, function, regulate immune responses.
Cytokines
Which part of Complement system involves MAC formation?
Terminal Pathway
What CD molecule does MHC I & MHC II bind to?
MHC I - CD4
MHC II - CD8
What role do goblet cells play in catarrhal exudate production?
Goblet cells secrete mucus that protects surfaces
Name the main components of a Cortisol Leukogram
Neutrophilia, left shift (<1,000 bands), lymphopenia
How do phagocytic cells recognize microbes?
by expressing PRRs that recognize PAMPs on the microbes
What happens after the membrane attack complex (MAC) forms on the pathogen?
cell swells & bursts
Describe the events that occur when there is an extracellular bacterial infection (think about the major & minor responses).
APCs engulf and process antigens, migrate to secondary lymph tissue, present antigens on MHC II molecules to T – helper cells with CD4 molecules. T-helper cells are activated and differentiate into T-cells.
Major response will be the TH2 response, where B-cells are activated (plasma cells) via cytokine release and antibodies are produced (humoral).
Minor response will be the TH1 response, where CTLs are activated via cytokines, and will kill any host infected cells (CMI).
A veterinarian examines a goat with swelling and redness around its leg. The area is warm to the touch, and there’s a yellowish discharge. The owner reports that the goat has been limping for a few days following an injury. What type of exudate is most likely present?
Purulent/Suppurative exudate
Name the main components of an Acute Overwhelming Leukogram
Leukopenia, neutropenia with degenerative left shift, toxic bands, lymphopenia