Fluid Balance
True or False: Water moves from an area of high osmolarity to an area of lower osmolarity
False (it's the other way around)
What is the definition of an infection?
Inflammation + Pathogen = Infection
What two bones make up the forearm?
Radius and Ulna
Long Bone
What is the organ that regulates evaporation?
Skin
Name 3 solutes in ICF and ECF
Electrolytes, eg. Na, K, Cl, HCO3, Cam Mg, PO4, Glucose, Dissolved Gases, Proteins, Lipids, Products of metabolism, eg. creatine, urea
What are opportunistic infections?
Infections caused by microbes that take advantage of opportunities in the host and its environment that are not normally available, eg. weakened immune system, breached barriers and altered microbiome
Name the 3 important parts of the superior clavicle
Acromial end
Body
Sternal end
What are 2 functions of the patella?
To protect the knee joint
To allow for increased capacity of effective knee extensions
Increases area of contact between the patellar ligament and the femur
What is the difference between core and shell temperatures?
Core - Temperature of the organs within the skull, thoracic and abdominal cavities. It is the higher temperature
Shell - Temperature of the skin, the lowest temperature
What are the two stimuli for ADH production?
An increase in the ECF osmolarity
A decrease in ECF volume
What is the test used to differentiate two different Staphylococci species?
Coagulase test
What is a tuberosity?
A projection or bump with a roughened surface
What movement does the Pubofemoral ligament resist?
Abduction
How does the endocrine system control body temperature?
Thyroid hormones - Increase basal metabolic rate
Adrenaline - Increases heat production in brown fat cells
What is the Parkland formula (management of burn patients?), and how should the fluid be given over the 24 hours?
3-4mls/kg/%burn of Compound Sodium Lactate
Half in the first 8 hours
The rest of the half in the next 16 hours
Name 4 Virulence Factors of Staph Aureus
Protein A
Exotoxins
Exoenzymes
Enterotoxins
Deoxyribonuclease
What ligament is damaged if it is hit while abducted and externally rotated, and what can it cause?
Inferior glenohumeral ligament, causing shoulder instability.
Name the structures 1-5
Ilium, Ischium, Pubis, Sacrum, Femur, Coccyx
What are the targets of the SNS in thermoregulation?
Skin: Blood flow, sweat secretion, arrector pili muscles
Adrenal medulla: Increased heat production through adrenaline
What are the 4 responses of the vasomotor centre to hypovolaemia?
Increase in SNS activity
Activation of the hypothalamic thirst centre
Activation of the RAAS (renin angiotensin aldosterone system)
ADH secretion from the posterior pituitary gland
Explain the Central Selection of B Cells
Naive B cells with IgM as plasma membrane receptor are exposed to self-antigens by the stromal cells in the bone marrow
If the cell binds to self antigens, then it can undergo apoptosis, receptor editing, or other tolerance mechanisms such as anergy.
Name the 8 bones of the Carpus
Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetrum, Pisiform, Hamate, Capitate, Trapezoid, Trapezium
Name the 4 ligaments of the knee
Anterior cruciate ligament
Posterior cruciate ligament
Medial (Tibial) Collateral Ligament
Lateral (Fibular) Collateral Ligament
Explain the process of fever development
Macrophages/Leukocytes are activated due to infection
Produce prostaglandins and interleukins
Reset thermostat to a higher stat point
Hypothalamus activates mechanisms to increase temperature
Person starts to feel cold, have cold skin and start shivering
Temperature rises and stabilises at a new point.