Dental Disorders+ Periodontal Disease
Malocclusions are failure of the upper and lower incisors to interdigitate properly. What are the two malocclusions and describe the differences.
What are Prognathia - protrusion of the mandible (common in lambs)
Brachygnathia - Short mandible with resultant protrusion of the maxilla
A passage that connects the nasal and oral cavities to the esophagus and larynx respectively
What is the pharynx?
Describe the typical response of tonsils to viral infections ;Ike feline panleuokopenia or canine parvovirus
What is lymphoid necrosis?
A veterinary student is in the lab studying fro the DMN exam that is soon approaching. One of the stations includes the stoamch of a monogastric. What are the 3 main parts that form the monogastric stomach?
What are the Fundus, Body, and Pylorus?
A 9-year-old dog with a large mast cell tumor is presented for vomiting. Endoscopy shows gastritis, erosions and ulcers in the stomach. Which chemical released by the tumor is driving the excess stomach acid?
What is histamine?
This occurs from Tight junction are downregulated by inflammatory mediators which leads to a disruption of the barrier with increased paracellular permeability for ions, acids, toxins, and pathogens.
What is Leaky Gut Syndrome
The therapeutic target inhibited by omeprazole, pantoprazole, and esomeprazole is found on this cell type.
What is parietal cells?
A client witnessed their dog ingest rodenticide approximately 15 minutes ago. The veterinary wants a drug that can be administered directly into the conjuctival sac, does not require an IV catheter, and has been specifically approved for emesis in dogs. Onset is about 20 minutes and then the dog vomits. What drug was used?
What is Ropinirole?
The location and position of the rumen in ruminants?
What is located on the left side from the diagphragm to the pelvis and positioned 7th rib to the pelvis
*Palpable and surgically accessible from the paralumbar fossa
The definition of prebiotics?
What is non-digestible dietary substances that stimulate the activity of beneficial microbes in the gut
A veterinarian identifies an epithelial lined cystic structure in a horse including the bone of the Jaw that appears to be at the base of the ear tooth. The cystic structure appears to have developed from abnormal proliferation of the epithelial cell rest of Malassez. What disorder is being described?
What is Dentigerous Cyst?
Pharyngeal constrictors sequentially contracts to push food into the esophagus. What are the pharyngeals constrictors listed?
What are Hyopharygeus, Thyropharyngeus, and Cricopharyngeus?
A 5-year-old terrier is presented for reluctance to eat and a painful swelling in the throat region. Last week the owner fed the dog leftovers from a whole rotisserie chicken dinner. What disorder is likely occuring?
What is Pharyngeal abscessation (trauma from chicken bones)?
A veterinarian is performing a necropsy on a dog. The veterinarian is observing the stomach of the dog that is located transversely and between rib 9 and 12. The veterinarian observes the fundus, body, and pylorus of the dog. The doctor comes across the only fixed portion of the stomach. What is this fixed point?
What is the cardia provides the fixed point opposite 9th intercostal space?
A 10-year-old cat with chronic pancreatic dysfunction is anemic, and bloodwork shows a low vitamin B12 (cobalamin) level. Its stomach is normal. A lack of which secreted factor best explains the low cobalamin?
What is intrinsic factor?
The 4 major ways to modulate the gut microbiome
A dog develops constipation during therapy for gastric ulcer disease. What drug is most likely the cause?
What is Sucralfate?
A hospitalized dog with parvoviral enteritis has severe vomiting despite fluid therapy. Multiple emetic pathways are likely activated simultaneously, the veterinarian selects an antiemetic that is known from the broad spectrum efficacy by blocking substance P signaling within the vomiting center. What drug and receptor?
What is Maropitant and NK-1 Receptor Antagonist?
The name for the caudal most part of the ventral sac?
What is the caudo-ventral blind sac (CVBS)
What is dybiosis and what can cause it?
What is a disruption of the normal microbiota and it can be caused by antibiotics, dietary changes, stress, and a million other things lol
A film composed of an organic material, food particles, and bacteria on the tooth surface is observed during a dental examination. What is being observed?
What is dental plaque?
A veterinarian is examining an esophagus on necropsy. The veterinarian notices that the esophageal wall consists of four layers. What are the four layers the veterinarian is observing?
What is Mucosa, Submucosa, Muscularis, Adventitia (serosa - abdominal part only)
A veterinarian is thinking about performing a surgery in order to remove foreign material from the esophagus. The veterinarian knows that the esophagus heals rapidly with an epithelial turnover rate of 5 to 8 days. However the veterinarian is hesitant because of its structure. Explains why the veterinarian is hesitant at performing the surgery
What is Surgical resection and anastomosis of the esophagus has an extremely poor prognosis?
A veterinarian notices a key structure located in a dog's abdomen. This mesentery contains adipose tissue that serves as an energy reservoir. Additionally, the structure contains macrophages and lymphoid tissue that help in immune response. What structure is being observed?
What is the greater omentum?
A dog that has been very stressed since being boarded in a kennel eats only a few bites at each meal and then stops, acting full. High sympathetic tone is suppressing which reflex of the proximal stomach?
What is the accommodation reflex?
The role of Peptacetobacter hiranonis
What is bile acid coversion to secondary bile acids
What is Misopristol?
A dog presents with severe vestibular diseases characterized by head tilt, nystagmus, and vomiting. The veterinarian explains that the vomiting is likely being driven by pathways that are dependent on histamine and muscarinic receptor signaling. Which drug is chosen to target these pathways?
What is Diphenhydramine?
The Ruminoreticular ostium is gaurded by which structure?
What is the rumenoredicular fold?
The 3 major VFAs in the rumen?
What is Acetic, Butyric, and Proprionic Acids
What is a potential outcome of infundibular impaction in ruminants and horses?
What is pulpitis and dental abscesses?
A veterinary student is in the lab observing the esophagus of multiple animals. The student comes across a station showing the species variations of the esophagus. The student identifies an esophagus entirely made of skeletal muscle allowing for voluntary control. What species could the student be observing?
What are ruminants and dogs (Cats, Horses, and Pigs have upper part skeletal and transition to smooth muscle towards the stomach)
A 2 year old German Shepard presents at the clinic with what appears to be megaesophagus. The dog appears to have a partial blockage of the lumen of the esophagus that occurs cranial to the heart. Based on these findings, what is the most likely diagnosis for this dog?
What is congenital megaesophagus - Persistent right fourth aortic arch (PRAA)?
A 6-year-old Great Dane, is presented with a rapidly enlarging abdomen. A lateral abdominal radiograph shows a massively gas-filled stomach and gas-filled intestines. At surgery, the pylorus is no longer in its normal position on the right side of the abdomen. What is your diagnosis?
What is gastric dilation volvulus (GDV)?
A dog with severe kidney disease has high blood levels of urea and ammonia and has started vomiting, although its stomach and intestines are normal. Which area of the brain detects these circulating waste products to trigger vomiting?
What is the chemoreceptor trigger zone?
The squamous ulcers and glandular ulcers that happen in 90% of performance horses that are caused by stress, NSAIDS, intense exercise, high grain - low fiber diet, or fasting/infrequent feeding.
What is Equine Gastric Ulcer Syndrome
The show-jumping horse that was recently diagnosed with Equine Gastric Ulcer Syndrome (EGUS) comes into the clinic. The drug that is most effective for suppressing gastric acid secretion by irreversibly inhibiting the H+/K+ ATPase pump.
What is Omeprazole
A dog comes in with vestibular stimulation and CRTZ stimulation. The veterinarian treats with Atropine. What are the adverse effects of this drug?
What is xerostemia (dry mouth), decreased stomach emptying, ileus, urinary retention, and constipation
What is Traumatic Reticuloperitonitis which can lead to Pericarditis?
The major Archea that play a huge role in producing methane with hydrogen during the fermentation process.
What are Methanogens?
On a dental examination, the veterinarian recognizes some rough brown, mineralized bacterial plaque that is commonly associated with stagnation of saliva, particles of food clinging to teeth, and consumption of soft diets. What is the veterinarian observing?
What is tartar - dental calculus
A veterinarian is observing a dog that is eating her food. The student is able to observe the upper esophageal sphincter relax, peristalsis moving the bolus down the esophagus, and the lower esophageal sphincter relaxes, allowing the bolus to enter the stomach. What phase of swallowing is being described?
What is the esophageal phase
A veterinarian receives a call from a client who owns several horses. The client noticed that one of the horses has been hyper salivating, coughing, and has nasal discharge with feed material and saliva that started two days ago. The clinical signs have progressed to gagging, retching and lethargy in the past few hours. What disorder is most likely occurring here and what is the usual cause?
What is choke in older horses with poor dentition leading to incomplete mastication of feed?
A 10-year-old horse develops a severely gas-distended stomach. He is unable to vomit or belch to relieve the pressure, and he dies before a nasogastric tube can be passed. What fatal complication most likely occurred?
What is the rupture of the stomach?
A 5-year-old dog with megaesophagus caused by myasthenia gravis brings up undigested food shortly after eating. There is no drooling or lip licking beforehand and no abdominal contractions. What is this process called?
What is regurgitation?
What are Clostridium difficile and Parvovirus infections
A veterinarian needs a broad-spectrum antiemetic control in a patient receiving chemotherapy, experiencing pancreatitis, and suffering from gastroenteritis. What drug and receptor?
What is Ondansetron and 5-HT3 receptor antagonist?
Describe the appearance and function of the omasum
What is many plies and absorbs residual VFAs, Water, Reduces Particle size, and retains large food particles in the rumen.
The challenge of rapid absorption of Volatile Fatty Acids in the rumen?
What is suppressing beneficial bacterial populations which can lead to rumen acidosis.