Structural Development in the Fetus
Aging and the Nervous System
100
What is neurogenesis?
Neurogenesis is the process by which new neurons are formed in the brain.
Three stages:
cell proliferation: ↑ number of cells (via cell division)
cell migration (movement of cells along a path)
cell differentiation (cells takes on characteristics of a neuron)
100
How does the appearance of the cerebral cortex and brain weight change with age?
•Reduction in brain size and weight
-primarily due to a decrease in the volume of the cerebral cortex
▫narrower gyri
▫wider sulci
200
What is Spina bifida?
Spina bifida is the failure of the posterior neural tube closure
200
True or False:
Exercise has no benefit on the effects of ageing.
False: physical activity = diminished age-related changes in brain structure and function
*e.g. older adults with good aerobic fitness exhibit larger total gray and white matter volumes than sedentary older adults
300
What does each of these become:
endoderm →
mesoderm →
ectoderm →
endoderm → lining of viscera
mesoderm → skeleton and muscles
ectoderm → nervous system (via neural plate)
300
What are some structural age-related changes in olfaction?
↓ olfactory receptors
↓ activation of brain structures in response to odour
changes in the olfactory epithelium, nasal airflow, and mucous composition
*Collectively results in decline in olfactory function