Scales and Chains
What is the Bristol Scale?
Bristol scale medical tool that classifies human feces into categories based on form/shape and consistency
helps diagnose conditions like constipation and diarrhea
What is Albinism?????
Albinism is.....
A non-contagious genetic condition that reduces or eliminates the production of melanin
occurs across all races and ethnic groups
beyond appearance, primarily affects vision (not fully corrected by glasses)
common to have hypersensitivity to bright light and glare
What is respiratory etiquette?
Respiratory etiquette is
daily simple infection practices to limit the spread of respiratory pathogens including
use tissue to cover mouth and nose when coughing/sneezing
cough or sneeze into elbow if no tissue
hand hygiene,,wear a mask, stay home
What is the Braden Scale.....?
Clinical tool used to assess a patient's risk of developing pressure injuries
scores include- sensory perception (able to respond to relieve pressure related discomfort), moisture (skin exposure to moisture, e.g., incontinence, sweat), activity (bedbound vs walks frequently), mobility (ability to change and control body position), nutrition, and friction& shear (amount of assistance and degree of sliding on beds, chairs)
A high score
What are functions of the integumentary system?
What are.....
MECHANICAL BARRIER-protection (first line of defense against UV radiation, bacteria, injury, dehydration)
thermoregulation (sweating to cool down & constricting blood vessels to retain heat)
Sensation - nerve receptors for touch, pressure, and temperature
Vitamin D is synthesized when exposed to sunlight (essential for bone health and calcium absorption)
Fluid balance - prevents excessive water loss
Hypodermis stores fat (energy and protects/cushions internal organs)
FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE (immune response)
Excretory function- insensible perspiration 500 ml/day
What is a pathogen.....................
A pathogen is.....
bacteria, virus or other microorganism that can cause disease/illness
What does a score of 20 on a Braden Scale mean?
Braden scale scores- the higher the score, the lower the risk for developing pressure ulcers. skin breakdown
19-23: No risk
15-18: Mild risk
13-14: Moderate Risk
10-12: High risk
9 or less: Severe/Very High Risk
Where are blood vessels located in the integumentary system?
dermis and hypodermis
What makes a person more susceptible to infection....
What is......
catheters, stents, implants (medical devices)
weakened immune system (transplant recipient, HIV, chemotherapy)
skin damage
poor nutrition
crowded environment (congregate setting/LTC/School etc)
high stress
chronic illness (heart disease, diabetes)
age (very young/elderly)
What is the Chain of Infection?
Chain of infection is:
chain of transmission that describes how infections spread
Pathogen Reservoir Portal of Exit (sneezing, mosquito/animal bite) Mode of Transmission (direct contact (shake hands, touch surface), droplets (short range spray), airborne (suspended in air) Portal of Entry (how pathogen enters body) Susceptible Host
What is melanin?
Melanin is
produced by melanocytes (in epidermis)
responsible for colour of skin, hair and eyes
increased secretion of melanin to protect from UV radiation (sunburn. tan)
What type of immunity are B and T cells part of.....
What is..
How can you break Chain of Infections?
Hand hygiene
Vaccination
PPE
Environmental cleaning (High Touch)
Respiratory Etiquette (Covering coughs or sneezes)
What are liver spots?
Liver spots are....
flat, brown or black spots on skin frequently exposed to sun
have nothing to do with the liver (similar in colour to liver)
What is an example of an environmental reservoir in the chain of infection.....
What is....where a pathogen can live and multiply
on environmental surfaces, equipment, body fluids (blood, saliva, urine, feces), people (carriers, sick individuals), soil, water, food, animals and contaminated medical equipment