Blood and Blood Vessels
What is the other term used to refer to red blood cells?
Erythrocytes
Define 'homozygous'.
Homologous chromosomes with identical alleles for a given gene.
Which side of the heart pumps oxygenated blood?
The left side (to the systemic circulation).
Where does fertilisation usually occur?
In the ampulla of the uterine tube.
Madrid
Name the three tunics (layers) of a blood vessel wall from innermost to outermost.
Tunica intima
Tunica media
Tunica adventitia
Who is considered the “father of genetics”? (full name)
Gregor Mendel
What are the two main heart sounds (S1 and S2) caused by?
S1 = closure of atrioventricular valves
S2 = closure of semilunar valves.
What hormone triggers ovulation?
Luteinising hormone (LH) surge.
Which planet has the longest day (slowest rotation) in our solar system?
BONUS POINTS: How many Earth days are in one of this planet's rotations?
Venus
One rotation takes 243 Earth days
Explain how arteries, veins, and capillaries differ in structure and function.
Arteries have thick, elastic, muscular walls to withstand high pressure. Veins have thinner walls and valves to prevent backflow. Capillaries are one cell thick for exchange.
Draw a Punnett square showing the cross between two heterozygous parents (Aa × Aa). What is the expected genotypic AND phenotypic ratio?
Genotype: 1AA : 2Aa : 1aa
Phenotype: 3 dominant : 1 recessive.
What are the two formulas to calculate Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)?
MAP ≈ DBP + ⅓ (SBP - DBP)
MAP = CO × TPR
Draw a diagram of a secondary follicle.
Should have:
- oocyte
- zona pallucida
- granulosa cells
- theca cells
In what year did World War II end?
1945
Draw the complete coagulation cascade.
See image.
State the Law of Segregation.
During meiosis, the 2 alleles for any given gene separate so that each ends up in different gametes.
Draw the complete cardiac conduction pathway.
See image.
Explain how theca and granulosa cells work together to produce oestrogen.
Theca cells: cholesterol → progestogens (can be released) → androgens (can be sent to the granulosa cells)
Granulosa cells: cholesterol → progestogens (can be released or sent to the theca cells) and androgens → oestrogen via aromatase and FSH stimulation (can be released)
What do the numbers 11, 69 and 88 all have in common?
They all read the same way when placed upside down.
A patient has liver disease and prolonged bleeding time. Explain why, using your knowledge of clotting factor synthesis and plasma protein function.
The liver synthesises most plasma proteins and clotting factors (e.g. fibrinogen, prothrombin). In liver disease, reduced production leads to impaired coagulation, decreased fibrin formation, and prolonged bleeding time.
How many slides are in the 'Complications of Mendelian Inheritance' lecture PowerPoint?
37
A person stands up suddenly and feels dizzy. Using your knowledge of baroreceptor reflexes and blood vessel control, explain how homeostasis restores blood pressure.
BP falls → baroreceptors fire less → medulla activates sympathetic output → vasoconstriction + ↑ HR + ↑ contractility → BP restored.
If fertilisation occurs/is successful, explain the hormonal feedback that maintains the corpus luteum and prevents menstruation.
Embryo releases hCG → maintains corpus luteum → continues progesterone secretion → maintains endometrium → inhibits FSH/LH → no new follicle develops.
Which country drinks the most coffee per capita?
Finland