Fluid and Electrolytes
This electrolyte is most commonly lost with loop diuretics like furosemide
What is Potassium (K+0)?
This class of drugs blocks angiotensin II formation, leading to vasodilation and reduced fluid retention
What are Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors?
This drug class inhibits HMG-CoA reductase and is the first-line treatment for lowering LDL cholesterol.
What are statins (e.g. atorvastatin; rosuvastatin)?
This nitrate drug converts to nitric oxide, causing vasodilation and relieving chest pain.
What is nitroglycerin (nitro; nitro-dur)?
This Class III antiarrhythmic blocks potassium channels and may cause pulmonary toxicity.
What is amiodarone?
This antiplatelet drug is given immediately during an MI to reduce clot formation and improve survival.
What is ASA (Aspirin)?
This class of drugs blocks the H⁺/K⁺ ATPase pump and is the most effective drug for reducing stomach acid.
What are proton pump inhibitors (PPIs)? e.g omeprazole/pantroprazole
This vitamin is essential for clotting factor synthesis and is used as an antidote for warfarin overdose.
What is Vitamin K?
This colloid solution increases oncotic pressure and draws fluid into the vascular space, making it useful in treating hypovolemia and in burns/trauma
What is albumin?
This prototype cardioselective beta blocker reduces heart rate and contractility, lowering blood pressure
What is metoprolol (Lopressor)?
This bile acid resin binds bile acids in the intestine, promoting cholesterol excretion.
What is cholestyramine?
This type of angina occurs predictably with exertion and is relieved by rest or nitroglycerin.
What is stable angina?
This Class I drug blocks sodium channels and is used for atrial and ventricular arrhythmias.
What is procainamide?
This thrombolytic drug dissolves clots and must be administered within 3–4.5 hours of stroke onset for those that qualify
What is alteplase/ tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)?
This class of acid reducing drug is used to treat GERD and peptic ulcers by blocking histamine stimulation of acid.
What are H2-receptor antagonists? e.g. ranitidine; famotidine
This vitamin deficiency is linked to Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome in individuals with chronic alcoholism.
What is thiamine (Vitamin B1)?
This potassium-sparing diuretic antagonizes aldosterone and conserves potassium (potassium-sparing)
What is spironolactone?
This calcium channel blocker is preferred for chronic hypertension due to its long duration of action
What is amlodipine?
This lipoprotein is considered “good” cholesterol and helps remove cholesterol from tissues.
What is high density lipoprotein (HDL)?
This beta blocker reduces myocardial oxygen demand and is used to prevent angina episodes.
What is atenolol or metoprolol?
This Class II drug slows AV conduction and is contraindicated in asthma.
What is propranolol?
This type of stroke is caused by bleeding in the brain and presents with a sudden severe headache.
What is a hemorrhagic stroke?
This bacteria is responsible for most peptic ulcers and requires combination antibiotic therapy.
What is Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori)?
This vitamin is crucial for collagen synthesis and immune function; its deficiency causes scurvy.
What is Vitamin C?
This electrolyte is essential for nerve conduction and muscle contraction and has a normal range of 135–145 mEq/L.
What is sodium?
This antihypertensive drug class directly relaxes arterial smooth muscle to lower resistance.
What are direct vasodilators (e.g. hydralazine)
This vitamin B3 derivative lowers LDL and triglycerides but commonly causes flushing
What is niacin (vitamin B3)?
This calcium channel blocker treats vasospastic angina by relaxing arterial smooth muscle.
What is nifedipine or amlodipine?
This Class IV drug blocks calcium channels and controls rate in atrial fibrillation
What is verapamil?
his class of drugs reduces myocardial oxygen demand and is used to prevent post-MI complications.
What are beta blockers?
This class of laxative draws water into the intestine and may cause dehydration or electrolyte imbalance.
What are osmotic laxatives (e.g. polyethylene glycol (PEG) or lactulose?)
This vitamin is recommended in higher doses during pregnancy to prevent neural tube defects.
What is folic acid (Vitamin B9)?
This magnesium replacement drug is used for hypomagnesemia and preeclampsia.
What is Magnesium Sulphate?
This diuretic acts on the distal convoluted tubule and may cause hypokalemia and photosensitivity.
What is hydrochlorothiazide?
This fibric acid agent activates PPAR-α to reduce triglycerides and may cause gallstones.
What is gemfibrozil?
This surgical procedure restores blood flow by bypassing blocked coronary arteries
What is Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG)?
This diagnostic tool measures electrical activity across the myocardium to detect dysrhythmias.
What is an electrocardiogram (ECK/EKG)?
This ECG finding helps diagnose myocardial infarction and guides reperfusion therapy decisions.
What is ST elevation?
This opioid-based antidiarrheal activates mu receptors in the gut to reduce motility and increase water absorption.
What is loperamide (Imodium)?
This fat-soluble vitamin is essential for visual pigments and epithelial cell health, and its deficiency can lead to night blindness and increased infection risk.
What is Vitamin A?