A
instrument used to measure rainfall.
rain gauge
The outermost layer of the Earth.
Crust
Name one example each of igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks.
Igneous Rocks:
Granite, Basalt, Obsidian, Pumice, Diorite
Sedimentary Rocks:
Sandstone, Limestone, Shale, Conglomerate, Chalk
Metamorphic Rocks:
Marble, Slate, Gneiss, Quartzite, Schist
Name the three layers of the Earth.
crust, the mantle, and the core
Rock which has fossils in it
Sedimentary
How does sediment turn into sedimentary rock over time?
Over time, the layers of sediment accumulate, and the weight of these layers compacts the lower layers, squeezing out water and air. Dissolved minerals act as a cement to bind the particles together, solidifying the sediment into rock.
The instrument which measures wind speed.
Anemometer.
If magma cools slowly beneath the Earth's surface, what kind of rock will form? Name one example.
Intrusive igneous rock; example – Granite
You see birds flying low and the sky turning grey. What kind of weather do you predict and why?
Rain or a storm is likely, because birds fly lower when air pressure drops, indicating bad weather.
Which layer of the atmosphere do weather changes mostly occur in?
Troposphere
State 2 points of difference between Weather and Climate.
Duration:
Weather refers to short-term atmospheric conditions (daily or weekly).
Climate refers to the long-term average weather patterns over 30 years or more.
Changeability:
Weather changes frequently and quickly.
Climate changes slowly over
How does intense heat and pressure affect a sedimentary rock? What does it become?
Intense heat and pressure cause a sedimentary rock to change its form, structure, and composition without melting. This process is called metamorphism. As a result, the sedimentary rock becomes a metamorphic rock.
Why do we feel sticky or uncomfortable on a humid day even if the temperature is not very high?
Because humidity slows down evaporation of sweat, making it hard for our body to cool down.
How can an igneous rock turn into a sedimentary rock? Explain the steps.
Through weathering and erosion, igneous rock breaks into sediments → compaction and cementation → forms sedimentary rock.
Compare granite and basalt in terms of how they form and their appearance.
Granite forms underground (slow cooling, coarse-grained); Basalt forms from lava on the surface (fast cooling, fine-grained).
Assertion (A): Metamorphic rocks are harder than sedimentary rocks.
Reason (R): Metamorphic rocks are formed under heat and pressure which makes them more compact and strong.
A. Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
B. Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
C. A is true, but R is false.
D. A is false, but R is true.
Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
Assertion (A): The troposphere is the most important layer of the atmosphere for weather changes.
Reason (R): Weather changes mostly happen in the stratosphere.
Options:
A. Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
B. Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
C. A is true, but R is false.
D. A is false, but R is true.
A is true, but R is false.
Explanation: Weather changes do occur in the troposphere, not in the stratosphere.
Assertion (A): Metamorphic rocks are formed under high heat and pressure.
Reason (R): All rocks melt completely to form metamorphic rocks.
Options:
A. Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
B. Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
C. A is true, but R is false.
D. A is false, but R is true.
Answer: C
Explanation: Metamorphic rocks form under heat and pressure, but they do not melt; they only change in form.
Assertion (A): Weather predictions today are more accurate than in the past.
Reason (R): Scientific instruments and satellite technology are now used to observe weather conditions.
Options:
A. Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
B. Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
C. A is true, but R is false.
D. A is false, but R is true.
✅ Answer: A
Explanation: Modern forecasting is more accurate due to the use of satellites and tools—R correctly explains A.
Assertion (A): Anemometers are used to measure the speed of wind.
Reason (R): Wind is one of the key elements used in studying and forecasting weather.
Options:
A. Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
B. Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
C. A is true, but R is false.
D. A is false, but R is true.
✅ Answer: A
Explanation: Both the assertion and reason are true, and the reason correctly supports the assertion.
What is atmosphere?
Name any 3 reasons why it is important for life on Earth.
The atmosphere is a blanket of gases surrounding the Earth.
It gives us air to breathe.
It protects us from harmful sun rays.
It controls the Earth's temperature, making it livable.
List and explain any 4 elements of weather.
Four key elements of weather are temperature, wind, precipitation, and humidity.
Temperature is the measure of how hot or cold the air is.
Wind is the movement of air, often described by its speed and direction.
Precipitation is water falling from the sky in various forms like rain, snow, or hail.
Humidity refers to the amount of water vapor present in the air.
State 2 uses each of igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks in our daily life.
Igneous: Used in buildings (granite), road construction (basalt)
Sedimentary: Used to make cement (limestone), contains fossil fuels
Metamorphic: Used in sculptures (marble), roofing (slate)
Name any 3 weather instruments and explain what each is used for. Also draw one of them.
Thermometer – measures temperature
Barometer – measures air pressure
Anemometer – measures wind speed
etc
What are minerals? Name any 4 useful minerals
Minerals are naturally occurring substances found in rocks.
Examples and uses:
Coal – used as fuel
Iron – used to make tools and machines
Gold – used in jewellery
Salt – used in cooking