HEART PAINS
What is the most common cause of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF)?
Hypertension
What is the first-line treatment for acute asthma exacerbation?
Inhaled short-acting beta-agonists (e.g., albuterol)
First-line antibiotic for uncomplicated UTI?
Nitrofurantoin or TMP-SMX
Which electrolyte abnormality causes peaked T waves?
Hyperkalemia
What is the immediate treatment for anaphylaxis?
Intramuscular epinephrine
Which heart sound is associated with heart failure?
S3 gallop
What is the most common cause of community-acquired pneumonia?
Streptococcus pneumoniae
What is the treatment for C. difficile colitis?
Oral vancomycin or fidaxomicin
What is the anion gap formula?
Na - (Cl + HCO3)
First-line treatment for status epilepticus?
IV lorazepam
What is the drug of choice for rate control in atrial fibrillation with rapid ventricular response?
Beta-blockers (e.g., Metoprolol)
What ABG pattern do you see in early pulmonary embolism?
Respiratory alkalosis (due to hyperventilation)
Which infection presents with a bullseye rash (erythema migrans)?
Lyme disease
What’s the first step in treating symptomatic hyponatremia?
Hypertonic saline (3%)
What is the goal INR range for mechanical mitral valve replacement?
2.5–3.5
STEMI in leads II, III, aVF — which artery is involved?
Right Coronary Artery
Which lung disease presents with honeycombing on CT?
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis
What’s the prophylactic antibiotic for HIV patients with CD4 <200?
TMP-SMX for PCP
What acid-base disorder presents with low pH, low HCO3, and compensatory low CO2?
Metabolic acidosis with respiratory compensation
Name the reversal agent for warfarin.
Vitamin K + prothrombin complex concentrate (PCC)
Name the diagnostic criteria for endocarditis (Duke’s Criteria).
Major (positive blood cultures, echocardiographic evidence); Minor (fever, vascular/immunologic signs, predisposition)
Define Light’s Criteria for exudative pleural effusion.
Pleural fluid protein/serum >0.5, LDH >0.6, or pleural LDH > 2/3 upper normal serum LDH
Name three organisms that cause infective endocarditis in IV drug users.
Staph aureus, Pseudomonas, Candida
Causes of non-anion gap metabolic acidosis?
Diarrhea, renal tubular acidosis, ureteral diversion
A patient presents with bradycardia, hypotension, hypoglycemia, and hypothermia — what overdose is suspected?
Beta-blocker overdose