WA/Federal Legislation I (Basic Rights)
This amendment to the Constitution addresses citizenship rights and equal protection of the laws and was proposed in response to issues related to former slaves following the American Civil War
14th Amendment
Passed by Congress with the goal of establishing equal educational opportunity for all students, this act gives the states the authority to provide programs for students who face obstacles to optimal learning. Under Title III of this act, funds are made available to school districts for the implementation of instructional programs and activities for limited English proficient Native American and/or immigrant students
Federal Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA, 1965)
These tests measure in relation to the average student
Norm-referenced Tests
These tests measure in relation to pre-established expectations
Criterion-Referenced Tests
The process of analyzing our own comprehension process, or 'thinking about thinking'
Metacognition
This bill prohibits discrimination on the basis of race, color, or national origin in any program or activity that receives Federal funding, or other Federal financial assistance
Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964
This act builds upon an existing act, and provides federal funding for language instruction programs for English learners on the condition that identified students meet the same content and achievement standards as all general education students, regardless of language barriers.
No Child Left Behind (NCLB, 2001)
These tests are done to place a student in the correct level or class
Placement Tests
These tests are used to measure oral-language proficiency in one of 32 different languages by asking students to describe a set of images. Measures are proficiency-based on fluency, level of language complexity, and average sentence length of student responses
Basic Inventory of Natural Language (BINL)
States that language comprehension and production abilities develop through continual engagement with language
Connectionism
This act prohibits discrimination against faculty, staff, and students, including racial segregation of students, and requires school districts to take action to overcome barriers to students' equal participation
Equal Educational Opportunities Act of 1974
Replacing its predecessor, this act grants states more authority to determine accountability criteria based on specific challenges and needs of student populations, while reducing some of the more inflexible and punitive conditions of its predecessor
Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA, 2015)
These tests are designed to determine a student's current academic strengths and weaknesses, to help identify their needs
Designed to measure the oral proficiency and reading and writing abilities of K-12 students, these tests cover content such as vocabulary, listening comprehension, and story retelling.
Language Assessment Scales (LAS)
The region of the brain's left hemisphere that is considered the "language center"
Wernicke's Area
The outcome of this case legalized segregation of publicly owned facilities on the basis of "separate but equal"
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
A United States Supreme Court case that claimed de facto segregation had affected a substantial part of the school system, and was therefore a violation of the Equal Protection Clause.
Keyes v. School District I Denver Colorado (1969)
These tests assess four areas of competency: reading, writing, listening, and speaking
Proficiency Tests
Both of this type of test measure oral proficiency in English and/or Spanish, with scores based on grammatical structures of oral response. The two versions of this test are designed for different age-groups
Bilingual Syntax Measure (BSM) I & II
The name of the study conducted by Patricia Kuhl that demonstrated that babies can discriminate all sounds of all languages within their first year
The Linguistic Genius of Babies
The outcome of this case declared that racially segregated facilities are inherently unequal and ordered all public schools desegregated.
Brown v. Board of Education (1954)
The failure of San Francisco schools to provide English-language instruction to approximately 1,800 students of Chinese ancestry who do not speak English, or to provide them with other adequate instructional procedures, denies them a meaningful opportunity to participate in the public education program, and thus violates the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the 14th Amendment. The lack of supplemental language instruction in public school for students with limited English proficiency violated the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
Lau v. Nichols (1974)
A standardized test which assesses the English language abilities of students who are not native English-speakers
Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL)
An individually administered assessment that measures cognitive aspects of language proficiency, and focuses on vocabulary usage, verbal analogies, and letter-word identification
Woodcock Munoz Language Survey
Critical Period Hypothesis