Industrialization and Economic Growth
Industrial Revolution in New England
A period in the early 19th century when New England became a center for industrialization, particularly in textile manufacturing, due to its rivers for water power, abundant labor force, and access to trade routes.
Purpose of Roads
To facilitate transportation of goods and people, promote trade, and connect different regions of the country, particularly as the U.S. expanded westward.
McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)
A Supreme Court case that ruled states could not tax the federal government, strengthening federal authority and upholding the constitutionality of the national bank.
Sectionalism
Loyalty to a specific region of the country (North, South, or West) rather than to the nation as a whole, often leading to conflicts over issues like slavery and tariffs.
Impact of Andrew Jackson on Suffrage (Voting)
Jacksonian Democracy expanded voting rights by removing property requirements, allowing more white men, especially common citizens, to vote.
Inventions of the Industrial Revolution
Innovations such as the cotton gin (Eli Whitney), steam engine, spinning jenny, and telegraph that transformed production, communication, and transportation, increasing efficiency and economic growth.
Erie Canal
A man-made waterway completed in 1825 that connected the Hudson River to the Great Lakes, boosting trade and settlement in the Midwest.
Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)
A Supreme Court case that reinforced the federal government's power over interstate commerce by striking down state-granted monopolies.
Trail of Tears
The forced march of the Cherokee and other Native American tribes to lands west of the Mississippi, during which thousands died due to harsh conditions.
Impact of Western Expansion on Women
Women in the West had more opportunities for work and land ownership, played key roles in homesteading and community-building, and gained suffrage rights earlier than in the East in some states.
Factory System
A method of manufacturing that brought workers and machines together under one roof, leading to mass production and the rise of industrial cities.
Adams-Onís Treaty (1819)
An agreement in which Spain ceded Florida to the United States and defined the western boundary of the Louisiana Purchase.
Cherokee Judicial Efforts
Legal actions taken by the Cherokee Nation, including the Supreme Court case Worcester v. Georgia (1832), which ruled in their favor but was ignored by President Andrew Jackson.
Capitalism
An economic system in which private individuals and businesses own property and operate for profit, with minimal government interference.
Monroe Doctrine (1823)
A U.S. foreign policy stating that European nations should not interfere in the Americas, asserting U.S. influence over the Western Hemisphere.
Seminole Wars
A series of conflicts in Florida between the U.S. military and the Seminole tribe, who resisted forced removal through guerrilla warfare.
Working Conditions in Cities
Often harsh and dangerous, with long hours, low wages, child labor, and unsafe environments in factories and mills.
Missouri Compromise (1820)
A law that admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state while banning slavery in the Louisiana Territory north of the 36°30′ latitude.
Impact of Western Expansion on African Americans
Led to the expansion of slavery in the South, increased opportunities for free Black settlers in some areas, but also heightened racial discrimination and conflicts.