From the midterm !
These linear strips of shrubs and trees planted along field edges provide habitat for beneficial insects and birds while reducing soil erosion and enhancing farm biodiversity.
What are hedgerows?
Zooplankton are very abundant in this type of working landscape, so much so that fish grow larger and faster when reared on them when compared to nearby river systems.
What are flooded rice fields?
These integrated agricultural systems combine trees with livestock grazing, offering benefits like shade for animals, improved soil health, and enhanced biodiversity.
What are silvopastoral systems?
In diversified agroecosystems, this hypothesis predicts that richer natural enemy communities reduce herbivore damage—allowing farmers to rely less on chemical pesticides
What is the natural enemies hypothesis?
When beneficiaries of nature pay owners to protect it, this is called:
What are payment for ecosystem services (PES)?
This period of agricultural advancement in the mid 20th century is marked by modern farming techniques including mechanization and agro-chemicals, leading to high-yield crops and environmental costs
What is The Green Revolution?
This effect describes the pattern where wealthier neighborhoods tend to have higher biodiversity and greater plant cover than less affluent ones.
What is the luxury effect?
These are the two criteria a farm needs to meet to be considered "organic"
What are: no synthetic substances and no GMOs?
If pesticides are more toxic to natural enemies than to pests, then this may occur:
What is pest resurgence?
This type of incentive program pays landowners to remove land for conservation, but protection is not permanent and is based on landowner decisions
What is a Conservation Reserve Program?
This type of species trait predicts how an organism will respond to environmental changes, such as habitat disturbance, climate shifts, or resource availability.
What is a response trait?
Lower tree cover, stronger urban heat island effects, and reduced wildlife diversity are all ecological legacies of this discriminatory mid-20th-century mortgage practice.
What is red-lining?
The following arguments are most aligned with this side of the land sparing/land sharing debate: farms can act as ecological traps, land managed this way is better for alleviating human-wildlife conflict
What is land-sparing?
This example of pest control is defined as promoting native predators/parasitoids via farming practices
What is conservation biological control?
A belief that others will approve or disapprove of an action, such as keeping a neat farm to impress others, is an example of this:
What is a subjective norm?
When species are lost from one community to another, but not replaced by new species, it results in this type of Beta-Diversity pattern:
What is nestedness?
This is defined as "matching or enhancing yields while minimizing environmental impacts through enhancing ecosystem services"
What is Agroecological Intensification? (or Diversified Farming)?
This paradox explains why boosting agricultural yields doesn’t always spare land—because heightened efficiency can stimulate greater demand and expand farmland instead
What is Jevon's paradox?
It is estimated that this percent of food crops are animal pollinated
What is ~75%?
This tendency explains why growers may stick with high-input practices—even spraying more pesticides than needed—rather than gamble on conservation strategies that demand early investment.
What is Risk Aversion?
This is defined as a series of populations linked by immigration/emigrations, each fluctuating mostly independently, often experiencing source/sink dynamics
What is a metapopulation?
This hypothesis explains why plant diversity in rangelands is highest under moderate grazing pressure—when neither dominant competitors take over nor heavy grazing wipes out vegetation entirely.
What is the Intermediate Landscape Hypothesis?
Critics of land-sparing argue that focusing solely on intensive agriculture ignores these costs imposed on society and ecosystems—like pollution, habitat loss, or reduced ecosystem services—that are not reflected in market prices.
What are externalities?
Simple landscapes can facilitate pest dispersal and enhance rapid population growth by providing resources for specialist pests. This is known as:
What is the resource concentration hypothesis?
Factors that affect farmer’s decisions to adopt practices can be described by this, a framework to understand human intentions and attitudes
What is the Theory of Planned Behavior?