Byzantine Empire & Russia
What was the capital of the Byzantine Empire?
Constantinople.
What medieval system was based on exchanging land for loyalty and military service?
Feudalism.
What holy city did Christian Crusaders attempt to capture?
Jerusalem.
What economic system allowed medieval people to exchange goods without using money?
Barter Economies.
Name and EXPLAIN the document that forced King John of England to recognize limits on royal power in 1215?
The Magna Carta- It protected certain rights of nobles and influenced later ideas about limited government.
Which Byzantine emperor organized Roman laws into a written legal code?
Justinian I.
What code of conduct emphasized bravery, loyalty, and honor among medieval knights?
Chivalry.
Which pope called for the First Crusade in 1095?
Pope Urban II.
What organizations regulated medieval craftspeople, including their training, prices, and quality of goods?
Guilds- medieval jobs and careers.
What English governing institution was developed to represent different groups, maintain checks and balances, and approve taxation?
Parliament
Which religion did Prince Vladimir adopt for Russia?
Orthodox Christianity.
What was the name of the payment requiring Christians to contribute one-tenth of their income or produce to the Church?
Tithe- often paid in crops or money.
Which Muslim military leader recaptured Jerusalem and fought Richard the Lionheart?
Saladin- he negotiated an agreement with Richard the Lionheart allowing Christian pilgrims access to Jerusalem.
What were the three categories/levels for medieval crafts people?
Apprentice → Journeyman → Master.
Joan of Arc helped inspire French forces to victory at Orléans in 1429. Her leadership strengthened French morale and contributed to the eventual French victory.
What nickname was given to Ivan IV because of his harsh and violent leadership?
Ivan the Terrible.
What punishment could the Catholic Church use to exclude someone from receiving the sacraments?
Excommunication- banned from attending the central rites of the Church.
What were the main religious and political reasons Christians and Muslims fought against each other during the Crusades?
Jerusalem was sacred to both Christianity and Islam. The Crusades were driven by a combination of religious beliefs, political power, and control of land.
Name and EXPLAIN one reason the Bubonic Plague was so deadly throughout the middle ages.
1) Tight and condensed areas
2) Terrible sanitation
3) New trade routes and contact
3) Lack of germ theory and modern medicine
What were TWO major results of the Hundred Years' War?
France became stronger, and England lost most of its French territory.
What event in 1054 divided Christianity into the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches?
The Great Schism.
What conflict occurred when kings and popes disagreed over who had the authority to appoint bishops?
Lay Investiture Controversy- Kings wanted to appoint bishops to maintain political control, while popes believed Church officials should choose religious leaders. This created conflict between Church and state.
How did the Crusades contribute to economic changes throughout Europe?
Contact with the Middle East increased European demand for spices, silk, and luxury goods. Trade expanded.
Explain one ECONOMIC or RELIGIOUS consequence of the Black Death
religious- antisemitism against jews, people lost faith in God and fell away from the church
Economic- stores and markets closed, people lost jobs, kingdoms fell
Why was the Hundred Years' War considered a turning point in medieval European warfare?
New military technologies and tactics weakened the dominance of knights and traditional feudal armies.