The Scientific Revolution
In 1543, he published a book arguing that the sun—not Earth—is at the center of the universe.
Who is Nicolaus Copernicus?
Thinker Immanuel Kant said the motto of the Enlightenment was "Sapere Aude!", an expression that means this.
What is "Dare to know!"?
Making up roughly 97% of the people in France, this social group paid almost all of the taxes
What is the Third Estate?
A French doctor suggested using this blade machine so executions would be fast, painless, and equal for everyone.
What is the Guillotine?
This island in the Mediterranean Sea is where Napoleon Bonaparte was born.
What is Corsica?
The Catholic Church put this astronomer on trial in 1633 for agreeing with Copernicus, forcing him to spend his life under house arrest.
Who is Galileo Galilei?
In his book The Spirit of Laws, he argued that government should be split into three separate branches: lawmaking, enforcing, and judging.
Who is Montesquieu?
Abbe Sieyès wrote a famous 1789 pamphlet titled "What is the Third Estate?", answering his own question with this single word.
What is "Everything"?
Working-class revolutionaries showed their support for equality by wearing long pants instead of fancy knee shorts, earning this nickname
Who are the Sans-culottes?
In 1804, Napoleon took the crown out of the Pope's hands and crowned himself as this title.
What is Emperor?
Francis Bacon pushed for this scientific approach, which relies on experiments and real-world observations to gain knowledge.
What is Empiricism?
This outspoken French writer supported religious freedom and famously told critics to "Crush the infamous thing!"
Who is Voltaire?
When locked out of their official meeting room in 1789, Third Estate leaders met nearby and promised not to leave until France had a constitution.
What is the Tennis Court Oath?
He was the leader of the Committee of Public Safety, this Jacobin directed the Reign of Terror and tried to replace traditional religion.
Who is Maximilien Robespierre?
This set of laws created by Napoleon said all men should be treated equally under the law, but it took away rights from women.
What is the Napoleonic Code?
This female mathematician made physics accessible to French speakers by translating Isaac Newton's book Principia.
Who is Émilie du Châtelet?
In her 1792 book on women's rights, she argued that women only seemed less capable than men because they were denied a good education.
Who is Mary Wollstonecraft?
Written in August 1789, this key document stated that every man was born free and equal in rights.
What is the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen?
French citizens gave this queen the mean nickname "Madame Deficit" because she spent heavily while the country was broke.
Marie Antoinette mamaz
Russian soldiers used this strategy of burning their own crops, shelter, and supplies so Napoleon’s army had nothing left to survive the cold winter.
What is the Scorched-Earth Policy?
He wrote Principia Mathematica in 1687, explaining gravity and the three main laws of motion.
Who is Sir Isaac Newton?
This 1700s belief viewed God as a clockmaker who created the universe and its rules, then walked away without getting involved.
What is Deism?
The Third Estate wanted to change the old voting system to this fairer method, where every representative got their own individual vote.
What is Voting "by head"?
This mandatory red, white, and blue ribbon pin was worn on hats by French revolutionaries to show public support for the Revolution.
What is the Tricolour Cockade?
After escaping his first exile on the island of Elba, Napoleon was finally defeated for the last time at this famous 1815 battle.
What is the Battle of Waterloo?