1200-1450
Explain how ONE intercultural transfer or exchange resulted from the Mongol conquests
Islam, Christianity, and Buddhism spread throughout Mongol territory
Mongol unification allowed for the spread of paper, gunpowder, and the Black Death throughout multiple regions
Mongol rule brought Islamic mathematical, scientific, and geographic knowledge to China
Identify ONE technological development that contributed to Europeans' ability to spread religious ideas in the Americas during the period 1450-1750
The development of new ships, such as the caravel, contributed to Europeans' ability to spread religious ideas in the Americas
The Gutenberg printing press helped spread European religious ideas
Improved cartography and transoceanic travel contributed to Europeans' ability to spread religious ideas
Identify ONE way that environmental conditions led to the beginning of industrialization during the period 1750-1900
The location of coal and other resources in Europe and North America helped those regions industrialize sooner
Access to rivers and waterways made it easier for manufacturers to harness water as a source of energy and export products in areas such as Britain
Identify ONE political factor that led to the First World War
European competition for colonies and imperial resources led to the First World War
The entangled nature of the European alliance system led to more countries declaring war on each other
Intense nationalism and competition for colonies helped lead to the First World War
Identify ONE continuity in the political system of China in the period 1200-1750
China was ruled by an imperial system.
Chinese governments depended on Confucian principles
The civil service exam was used throughout this time period
China's government had a central bureaucracy
Chinese governments continued to follow the dynastic cycle throughout this period
Explain ONE way that trade in the Indian Ocean in the period 1200-1450 led to cultural change
Indigenous communities' cultural traditions were often influenced by cultural traditions of merchant communities
Muslim merchant communities established themselves in southern India and southeast Asia and spread Islam
Contact through trade allowed for the spread of maritime technology and shipbuilding techniques
Explain ONE way in which the transfer of crops and/or domesticated animals during the Columbian Exchange affected the environment
The spread of European agriculture techniques led to deforestation in some regions of the Americas
The spread of Eurasian grazing animals, such as cattle and sheep, led to overgrazing in some regions
The Columbian Exchange allowed for the spread of invasive species, such as rats and rabbits, which altered ecosystems
Emphasis on cash crop agriculture decreased biodiversity and led to soil exhaustion
Identify ONE economic development that led to economic imperialism/spheres of influence being established in China
Industrialization in Europe led to a desire for more resources in markets in Asia
Stagnation of economic & technological development in China allowed Europeans to pressure their way into the Chinese economy
European desire for Chinese luxury goods led to economic imperialism in China
Explain ONE way that increased trade in the second half of the twentieth century led to global cultural change
Global trade influenced cultural change by encouraging the increasing adoption of American culture worldwide
The increasing adoption of non-western cultural products such as K-pop music and Bollywood movies
Increased adoption of sports globally such as soccer
Explain ONE difference between agricultural developments in the period 1450-1900 and the Green Revolution in the 20th century
Increases in food production during the Green Revolution were significantly higher than previous eras of agricultural development
The Green Revolution was more sophisticated as a result of scientific knowledge through the use of GMOs and synthetic fertilizers unlike previous advancements in agriculture
The Green Revolution significantly reduced the amount of cultivated land needed to sustain the population whereas previous agricultural developments didn't
Agricultural advancements during the period 1450-1900 primarily impacted Europe whereas the Green Revolution was experienced worldwide
Explain ONE way Chinese cultural traditions influenced an Asian society other than China in the period 1200-1450
Buddhism spread to Vietnam and Cambodia through Chinese traditions
Confucian and Buddhist ideas spread to Japan and fused with Shintoism
Neo-Confucian governing styles influenced the governing styles of Japan & Korea
Explain ONE way the increased demand for enslaved peoples affected African populations during the period 1450-1750
As most enslaved Africans were young men, societies were left with a gender imbalance
Many African Kingdoms, such as the Kongo, were weakened by the extreme loss of population, especially in their military
Levels of warfare increased among African Kingdoms in an attempt to meet the European demand for slaves
Enslaved Africans often suffered high mortality rates due to poor conditions aboard ships and on plantations in the Americas
Identify ONE change in the political systems of South & Southeast Asia in the period 1750-1900
In India the Mughal Empire collapsed
In Southeast Asia, the arrival of the French led to the colonization of Indochina
The British Crown assumed direct rule of India following the Sepoy Rebellion
European East India Companies expanded their political power and established colonial governments
Explain ONE way governments responded to economic crises or depression during the period 1900-1945
Bolshevik Russia/Soviet Union responded to economic disruptions caused by the Great Depression and its civil war through instituting Five Year Plans
The United States responded by implementing programs of government financed public works/infrastructure projects under the New Deal
Governments such as Great Britain implemented programs taking their economy off the gold standard to ease money supply issues
Nations like Japan focused on imperial expansion to recover from the Great Depression
Instability of the economy and growing social frustrations led to new government movements instituting fascist governments such as in Germany
Explain ONE development which led to increased maritime trade during the period 1750-present
Increased globalization and specialization of markets across the world
Industrialization of shipping and creation of standardized shipping containers
The expansion of multinational and global corporations
The creation of canals such as the Suez and Panama canals which allow for faster and cheaper trade
Explain how ONE specific African state was influenced by the spread of Islam in the period 1200-1450
Mali became a prominent Muslim empire that traded gold, salt, and ivory across the Sahara
Swahili coastal trading cities in East Africa adopted Islam and participated in the Indian Ocean Trade
Mansa Musa, king of Mali, made the Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca and brough vast amounts of gold with him, destabilizing the economy of North Africa and the Middle East for years
Identify ONE innovation in commercial practices in the period 1450-1750
New forms of credit or commercial insurance
New commercial organizations of limited liability such as joint-stock companies
New ways of raising capital such as the stock exchanges or greater availability of banking systems
Explain ONE way in which the formation of new elites in the period 1750-1900 led to the emergence of new ideologies
Socialism emerged as a reaction against the perceived excesses of the capitalist industrial class
Nationalism & Social Darwinism emerged to promote military & imperial expansion favored by new industrial elites
Feminism emerged to advocate for allowing women to gain access to new jobs, educational opportunities, and political rights available to men in industrial societies
Explain ONE way the First World War influenced political developments in states outside of North America and Europe in the interwar period (1918-1939)
Increased anti-colonialism arose from former soldiers and colonial leaders who participated in the war
The losing European powers were forced to give up their colonies in Asia and Africa
The mandate system in the Middle East was created as a result of the First World War
Japanese imperialism increased after Japan was given Germany's colonies in the Pacific, which they later used as a springboard for further conquests and occupations
Zionism & mandates in the Middle East led to increased movements for national independence and sovereignty among Arab states
Explain ONE way in which political continuities in China influenced the development of the global economy in the period 1200-1750
The relative stability of Chinese governments helped make China a major producer of luxury goods for export to Afro-Eurasia
Chinese imperial policies encouraged the import of silver from Japan and later the Americas
China's stability and productivity promoted the growth of trade routes such as the Silk Roads and the Indian Ocean Trade
China's dynasties continued to demand tribute in recognition of their superiority, which restricted trade for Asian and European merchants
Identify ONE example of conflict between religious and political leaders in Europe during the period 1200-1450
The Investiture Controversy
Wars between Guelphs and Ghibellines
Simony Laws
Conflicts over collection of Church funds in England, France, and the Holy Roman Empire
Explain ONE similarity in the ways that land-based and maritime empires adopted policies to accommodate the ethnic diversity of their populations in the period 1450-1750
Both empires sometimes granted subordinate ethnic groups some privileges (casta system in New Spain & millet system in Ottoman Empire)
Both empires sometimes allowed the continued practice of local languages and traditions
Both empires sometimes adopted pre-existing governing practices in territories (the Inca Mit'a system in Peru & the civil service exam in Qing China)
Both empires sometimes used the "divide and rule" tactic by using one ethnic group to control another ethnic group
Explain ONE way that, despite economic changes, traditional elites remained powerful in the period 1750-1900
Aristocrats maintained power with previously existing wealth
Many traditional elites remained powerful through investing wealth into industrial capitalism
Native elites remained powerful by making deals with European powers to maintain their wealth and privilege
Explain how ONE specific African state was affected by the Cold War
Some African states, such as Ethiopia and Mozambique, became affiliated with the USSR and the Communist bloc
Some African states, such as the Congo and Angola, experienced Cold War proxy conflicts
Some African states, such as Egypt and Ghana, were part of the non-aligned movement
Explain how ONE factor limited the spread of Christianity in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries
The First World War caused many people around the world to question the validity of Western Culture
Anticolonial resistance and nationalist movements across Asia and Africa during the twentieth century led many colonized peoples to reject Christianity as an imperialist religion
Various reform and revitalization movements among Muslims, Buddhists, Hindus, and other religious groups developed in response to Christian missionary efforts