Unit 1
Incan device made of colored, knotted strings that was used for record-keeping and communication
Quipu
fast-maturing, drought-resistant rice variety that originated from present-day Vietnam
Champa Rice
religious movement that began in the 16th century, aiming to reform the practices and beliefs of the Roman Catholic Church
Protestant Reformation
the widespread transfer of plants, animals, cultures, human populations, diseases, technology, and ideas between the Americas and the Old World
Columbian Exchange
intellectual and cultural movement that emerged in Europe during the late 17th and 18th centuries, emphasizing reason, individualism, and skepticism of traditional authority
Enlightenment
the regions of the world where Islam is the dominant religion and where Muslims can practice their faith freely
Dar al-Islam
an inn or rest stop for travelers and merchants along trade routes, particularly prominent during the era of the Silk Roads
Caravanserai
Persian dynasty that ruled from 1501 to 1736, known for establishing Shia Islam as the state religion and fostering a unique Persian cultural identity
Safavids
the brutal and inhumane sea voyage that transported enslaved Africans to the Americas between the 16th and 19th centuries
Middle passage
transformative period that began in the late 18th century, marked by the transition from agrarian economies to industrialized ones, primarily driven by technological innovations and changes in production methods
Industrial Revoultion
Mesoamerican civilization that flourished in central Mexico from the 14th to the 16th centuries, known for its rich culture, complex social structure, and impressive architectural achievements.
Aztecs
deadly infectious disease that spread through fleas on rats and significantly reduced populations across Europe and Asia in the 14th century
Bubonic Plauge
method of the Ottoman Empire used to collect taxes efficiently
Tax farming
people of European descent born in the Americas, particularly during the colonial period
Creoles
political ideology that emphasizes the interests and culture of a particular nation or group, often advocating for self-determination and the belief that individuals' loyalty should be to their nation above all else
Nationalism
ninth emperor of the Mali Empire, reigning from 1312 to 1337, and is often remembered for his extravagant pilgrimage to Mecca and his immense wealth
Mansa Musa
nomadic group originating from the steppes of Central Asia
Mongols
landowners in the Mughal Empire who held significant power and authority over land revenue collection and administration
Zamindars
business entities where different stocks can be bought and owned by shareholders, allowing for the pooling of capital for large-scale investments
Joint stock companies
manufacturing process where a product is made in a sequential manner, with each worker or machine performing a specific task to complete a part of the overall production.
assembly line
agricultural technique developed in medieval Europe that divided farmland into three sections, allowing farmers to rotate crops effectively
3 field system
various tools, ships, navigational techniques, and innovations that enhance the ability to travel and trade across oceans and seas
Maritime Technologies
elite military corps within the Ottoman Empire, originally formed from conscripted Christian boys who were converted to Islam and trained to serve the sultan
Janissaries
individuals born in Spain or Portugal who held high social, political, and economic status in the colonies of Latin America during the colonial period
Peninsulares
crucial resources that served as the backbone of industrialization, particularly during the 18th and 19th centuries
Coal and Iron