1200-1450
This belief system emphasized social harmony through hierarchical relationships rather than worship of a deity.
What is Confucianism?
This Eurasian trade network facilitated the exchange of silk, porcelain, religion, and deadly disease.
What is the Silk Road?
This technological development helped rulers centralize authority by improving communication and record‑keeping.
What is printing technology (printing press)?
This agreement divided newly discovered lands between Spain and Portugal.
What is the Treaty of Tordesillas?
This Enlightenment thinker argued that governments exist to protect natural rights.
Who is John Locke?
This empire’s capital served as a global intellectual hub where scholars preserved and expanded classical Greek knowledge.
What is the Abbasid Caliphate (Baghdad)?
This trading alliance helped northern Europe develop a powerful merchant class and early capitalism.
What is the Hanseatic League?
This empire used religious tolerance to stabilize rule over a diverse population in South Asia.
What is the Mughal Empire under Akbar?
This disease had a greater impact on Native American populations than European weaponry.
What is smallpox?
This revolution successfully abolished slavery and established a Black‑led republic.
What is the Haitian Revolution?
Unlike Christianity and Islam, this religion limited its global spread due to its close connection to social hierarchy.
What is Hinduism (and its caste system)?
This empire both protected trade routes and unintentionally accelerated the spread of the bubonic plague.
What is the Mongol Empire?
This Ottoman practice strengthened the state while weakening traditional aristocracy.
What is the devshirme system?
This labor system forced Indigenous peoples to work in exchange for protection and conversion efforts.
What is the encomienda system?
This document declared equality and popular sovereignty but failed to extend rights to women.
What is the Declaration of the Rights of Man?
This political system in Europe relied on land-for-service relationships and limited central royal authority.
What is feudalism?
Indian Ocean trade was unique because it relied on this predictable environmental factor.
What are monsoon winds?
These European movements challenged Church authority by emphasizing human reason and scientific inquiry.
What are the Renaissance and Scientific Revolution?
This global exchange transformed diets, populations, and environments across three continents.
What is the Columbian Exchange?
This ideology called for workers to seize control of the means of production.
What is Marxism?
This shared characteristic explains why both Confucian China and medieval Europe reinforced patriarchal social structures.
What is the use of ideology to justify gender hierarchy and social order?
This factor best explains why cultural diffusion increased dramatically after 1200 CE.
What is the expansion and interconnection of long‑distance trade networks?
This explains why gunpowder empires were able to expand rapidly across large territories.
What is the combination of firearms, centralized bureaucracy, and professional armies?
This best explains why the Atlantic slave trade expanded dramatically during this period.
What is the growth of plantation economies and European mercantilism?
This common cause explains why Enlightenment ideas spread so rapidly across the Atlantic world.
What is increased literacy, print culture, and shared economic grievances?