Medieval Europe
This decentralized political system was based on land grants (fiefs) given in exchange for military service and loyalty.
What is feudalism?
This intellectual movement emphasized human potential and the study of Greek and Roman classics.
What is Humanism?
He sparked the Protestant Reformation by posting his 95 Theses to the door of a church in Wittenberg.
Who is Martin Luther?
This meeting was the centerpiece of the Counter-Reformation, where the Church reaffirmed its doctrines.
What is the Council of Trent?
The Tokugawa Shogunate moved the capital of Japan to this city, modern-day Tokyo.
What is Edo?
These agricultural laborers were legally bound to the land they worked for their lord.
What are serfs?
This Italian city-state became the "cradle" of the Renaissance due to wealth from banking and wool.
What is Florence?
This English king broke away from the Catholic Church to establish the Church of England.
Who is Henry VIII?
This religious order, founded by Ignatius of Loyola, focused on education and global missionary work.
Who are the Jesuits?
To limit foreign influence, both the Tokugawa and the Ming/Qing dynasties adopted this type of "closed door" foreign policy.
What is isolationism?
This self-sufficient economic system centered on the lord's estate, including a manor house and farmland.
What is the manorial system?
Johannes Gutenberg’s invention of this device revolutionized the spread of literacy and new ideas.
What is the (moveable-type) printing press?
John Calvin’s theological doctrine that God has already chosen who will be saved is known as this.
What is predestination?
This was the Church's most powerful tool for maintaining authority—the total expulsion of a member.
What is excommunication?
This Ming Dynasty admiral led seven massive naval expeditions to project Chinese power across the Indian Ocean.
Who is Zheng He?
This Frankish ruler was crowned "Roman Emperor" by the Pope in 800 CE, uniting much of Western Europe.
Who is Charlemagne?
his artistic technique was used by Renaissance painters to create the illusion of three-dimensional depth.
What is linear perspective?
These certificates were sold by the Church to grant "forgiveness" for sins, a practice Luther condemned.
What are indulgences?
This 1054 event formally split Christianity into the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches.
What is the Great Schism?
To show submission to the Qing, Chinese men were forced to wear this braided hairstyle with a shaved forehead.
What is the Queue?
This agricultural innovation allowed farmers to plant on two-thirds of their land rather than half, increasing food production.
What is the three-field system?
This term refers to a focus on worldly, non-religious matters rather than spiritual ones.
What is secularism?
This daughter of Henry VIII established a "Middle Way" to bring religious stability to England.
Who is Elizabeth I?
This term refers to the set of laws governing the behavior of all members of the Catholic Church.
What is Canon Law?
To ensure political control, the Shogun forced the Daimyo to live in Edo every other year under this policy.
What is Alternate Attendance (Sankin-kotai)?