Discipline
Which is an example of positive reinforcement?
A. Giving praise or stickers
B. Ignoring positive behavior
C. Changing rules every day
D. Yelling at the child
A. Giving praise or stickers
A nurse is coaching a parent on how to support their 3-year-old child during a laceration repair on the child's arm. Which advice by the nurse best utilizes positive parental influence to reduce the child's fear?
A) "Tell the child that if they cry, you will have to wait outside in the lobby."
B) "Maintain calm eye contact, speak in a gentle tone, and encourage the child to squeeze your hand."
C) "Distract yourself with your phone so the child doesn't feel like everyone is staring at them."
D) "Restrain the child's head firmly so the physician can work without interruption."
B) "Maintain calm eye contact, speak in a gentle tone, and encourage the child to squeeze your hand."
What is magical thinking?
A. Believing that thoughts and wishes can cause events to happen
B. Understanding the difference between right and wrong
C. Learning through observation
D. Understanding cause and effect
A. Believing that thoughts and wishes can cause events to happen
Which of the following is identified as a trigger of sleep problems in children?
A. Increasing autonomy
B. Improved learning ability
C. Better emotional control
D. Decreased nighttime fears
A. Increasing autonomy
During which part of the night are sleep terrors most likely to occur?
A. Immediately before the child falls asleep
B. During the second half of the night
C. Within 1–4 hours after falling asleep
D. Only when the child wakes up in the morning
C. Within 1–4 hours after falling asleep
What is the purpose of a time-out?
A. To embarrass the child
B. To briefly remove the child from a situation to help manage the behavior
C. To avoid setting limits
D. To reward the child
B. To briefly remove the child from a situation to help manage behavior
A nurse needs to perform a physical assessment on a 4-year-old who is terrified of the stethoscope. Using Piagetian principles of the preoperational stage, which approach is most effective in alleviating the child's fear?
A) Hand the stethoscope to the child and say, "Would you like to listen to Mr. Bear’s heart first?"
B) Explain how the diaphragm amplifies acoustic sound waves from the myocardium.
C) Assure the child that good boys and girls hold still for the nurse.
D) Show the child a diagram of the human heart and chest cavity.
A) Hand the stethoscope to the child and say, "Would you like to listen to Mr. Bear’s heart first?"
A preschooler says they caused their sibling to become sick because they wished their sibling would go away. Why does the child believe this?
A. They understand how illnesses spread
B. They believe their thoughts caused the illness
C. They are trying to get attention
D. They understand that illness is unpredictable
B. They believe their thoughts caused the illness
Which combination of symptoms may a child experience as a result of poor sleep?
A. Decreased concentration, improved learning, and better emotional control
B. Daytime tiredness, hyperactivity, and difficulty concentrating
C. Improved behavior, reduced tiredness, and reduced learning ability
D. Increased emotional control, improved concentration, and decreased daytime tiredness
B. Daytime tiredness, hyperactivity, and difficulty concentrating
A preschooler believes they are a bad person because they did something wrong. Which textbook concept best explains why labeling a child as “bad” can affect them negatively?
A. Children may confuse a mistake in behavior with being a bad person.
B. Children understand that thoughts cannot influence events.
C. Children can consistently distinguish between their behavior and their identity.
D. Children understand cause-and-effect relationships fully.
A. Children may confuse a mistake in behavior with being a bad person.
Which approach can help reduce frustration and anger?
A. Adding more rules
B. Changing consequences frequently
C. Minimizing triggers
D. Avoiding praise
C. Minimizing triggers
A 4-year-old child in the pediatric clinic cries when the nurse approaches with a blood pressure cuff, saying, "Don't let the machine bite me!" The nurse recognizes that this fear is primarily driven by which developmental concept?
A) Castration anxiety
B) Animism
C) Separation anxiety
D) Industry vs. Inferiority
B) Animism
A preschooler gets into an argument with their sibling and later learns that the sibling is sick. The child believes the argument caused the illness. Which concept best explains the child's thinking?
A. Understanding cause and effect
B. Transductive reasoning
C. Logical reasoning
D. Understanding that illness has physical causes
B. Transductive reasoning
A child wakes up crying and frightened during the second half of the night after having a scary dream. Which response is appropriate?
A. Avoid responding so the child learns to fall asleep independently.
B. Restrain the child until they stop crying.
C. Provide comfort, reassurance, and a sense of protection.
D. Immediately guide the child back to bed without talking.
C. Provide comfort, reassurance, and a sense of protection.
Which factor should be considered when recognizing problem behaviors in a preschooler?
A. How the child plays
B. Frequency of the behavior
C. The child's friends
D. Favorite toy
B. Frequency of the behavior
Which teaching should a nurse provide about preschool discipline?
A. Change limits daily
B. Use the same consequences for every age
C. Only address behavior when it becomes severe
D. Use consistent limits and age-appropriate time-outs
D. Use consistent limits and age-appropriate time-outs
A preschooler admitted to the pediatric unit is frightened about an upcoming IV placement. To support the child's psychosocial development according to Erikson, how should the nurse involve the child?
A) Let the child choose which arm to use and pick the bandage design.
B) Tell the child they must sit completely still like a "big kid."
C) Perform the IV insertion while the child is sleeping so they don't worry.
D) Ask the parents to make all decisions regarding the child's procedural care.
A) Let the child choose which arm to use and pick the bandage design.
A preschooler tells their parent, “I wished my sister would go away, and now she's sick. I made her sick.” Which response best addresses the child's misunderstanding?
A. “You shouldn't wish bad things on people you love.”
B. “Your sister is sick because germs can cause illness, not because of what you wished.”
C. “You need to apologize to your sister for thinking that way.”
D. “Sometimes bad things happen when we aren't nice to others.”
B. “Your sister is sick because germs can cause illness, not because of what you wished.”
A preschooler begins screaming, thrashing, and appearing frightened about two hours after falling asleep. The child is unaware of the parent's presence and cannot be comforted. What should the caregiver do?
A. Attempt to wake the child fully and ask about the dream.
B. Observe the child and intervene only if necessary to prevent injury.
C. Restrain the child's movements until the episode ends.
D. Encourage the child to explain their feelings during the episode
B. Observe the child and intervene only if necessary to prevent injury.
A 4-year-old client's mom is concerned about their sleep habits. While assessing the child, the mother asked, "When will they get a sleep assessment?"
What is the nurse's response?
A: They will get one during the first few months of life and then twice every year
B: They will receive one twice a year until they reach school-age
C: They will have one every time they have a list with their pediatrician
D: They only get one every year starting at the age of 2
C: They will have one every time they have a list with their pediatrician
What should a nurse recommend for persistent or severe aggressive behavior?
A. Ignore the behavior
B. Refer the child for further evaluation
C. Stop using positive reinforcement
D. Avoid setting limits
B. Refer the child for further evaluation
A nurse observes a father trying to comfort his 4-year-old daughter before a nebulizer treatment. The father is visibly pacing, speaking rapidly, and repeatedly asking the nurse, "Is she going to choke on the mask?" The child's heart rate increases to 140 bpm, and she begins pushing the mask away. What is the nurse's priority action?
A) Administer a mild sedative to the child to complete the nebulizer treatment smoothly.
B) Gently guide the father to a quiet seat, provide clear reassurance about the mask, and model calm breathing for both parent and child.
C) Ask the father to step into the hallway until the respiratory treatment is complete.
D) Proceed with holding the mask firmly on the child's face while ignoring the father's questions.
B) Gently guide the father to a quiet seat, provide clear reassurance about the mask, and model calm breathing for both parent and child.
A preschooler who recently misbehaved says, “I'm bad, and that's why bad things keep happening to me.” Which nursing response best supports the child's developmental needs?
A. Explain that the child must behave better to prevent negative events.
B. Reassure the child that good behavior prevents bad things from happening.
C. Help the child distinguish between making a mistake and being a bad person, using simple, concrete language.
D. Avoid discussing the child's feelings until they can understand cause and effect.
C. Help the child distinguish between making a mistake and being a bad person, using simple, concrete language
Which statement correctly compares nightmares and sleep terrors?
A. Nightmares occur during non-REM sleep, while sleep terrors occur during REM sleep.
B. Children remember sleep terrors but usually forget nightmares.
C. Nightmares occur during REM sleep and may cause the child to wake fully, while sleep terrors occur during non-REM sleep and the child is unaware of others.
D. Children can be comforted during sleep terrors but not after nightmares.
C. Nightmares occur during REM sleep and may cause the child to wake fully, while sleep terrors occur during non-REM sleep and the child is unaware of others
A pediatric nurse is preparing a 4-year-old child for a chest X-ray. The child is crying and stating, "The big camera is going to hurt me because I broke my brother’s toy." Which actions by the nurse align with developmental theory (Erikson & Piaget) to address the child’s fear? (Select All That Apply)
A) Confirm that breaking toys has consequences, but explain the camera won't hurt.
B) Reassure the child that the X-ray is not a punishment for breaking the toy.
C) Allow the child to touch the non-operating X-ray machine or lead apron before the procedure.
D) Explain in detail how electromagnetic radiation captures thoracic imaging.
E) Use a teddy bear to demonstrate holding still while the "picture" is taken.
B (Reassure),C (Allow exploration),E (Demonstrate safety)