Water Hardness
ions that cause hard water
Ca and Mg
What does chlorination do?
Kills bacteria in the water
What is the chemical name for limestone?
Calcium carbonate (CaCO3)
At what type of plate boundary would we only see earthquakes?
Conservative
Name a piece of equipment used to measure volume of gas produced over time
gas syringe
inverted measuring cylinder
What is a benefit of hard water?
stronger teeth and bones
reduced heart disease
What does filtration remove?
small INSOLUBLE particles
What is a disadvantage of quarrying limestone?
pollution
destruction of habitats
looks unsightly
Which gas was present in the biggest % in the original atmosphere?
carbon dioxide
Summarise collision theory
reacting particles must successfully collide for a reaction to happen.
This happens when they collide with sufficient energy.
Name 2 techniques to remove permanent hardness
1. washing soda
2. ion exchange column
Other than water what is our main source of fluoride?
toothpaste
thermal decomposition
What happened to the gases as the earth cooled?
water vapour condensed forming the oceans
What factors affect rate of reaction?
1. temp
2. Concentration/pressure
3. surface area
4. catalyst
What is a disadvantage of hard water?
Cause limescale in appliances
Forms scum/more soap is needed
Why are some people opposed to fluoridation?
mass medication which people do not consent to
How is quicklime turned into slaked lime?
Add small volume of water
Describe the test for carbon dioxide and the positive result
Bubble the gas through limewater
turns cloudy if present
How do catalysts increase rate of reaction?
Lower activation energy therefore increasing frequency of successful collisions
What type of ions cause temporary hardness?
hydrogen carbonate ions (Ca and Mg)
What techniques are used in desalination?
1. Distillation
2. Reverse osmosis
What would you observe as quicklime becomes slaked lime?
hissing, crumbling, steam
causes acid rain to form
using sulfur scrubbers
1.7g