Extra-embryonic Membranes
Tough but pliable avascular memrane
Result of teratogen exposure during early pregnancy (first 8 weeks)
What is miscarriage or loss of pregnancy?
Two structures that benefit most from increased cardiac output in pregnancy
What are the uteroplacental tissue and the kidneys?
What is Phase 1 (or uterine quiescence)?
Immunologic component of breast milk
What is IgA?
Site of hematopoiesis until fetal liver takes over; dorsal aspect incorporated into GI tract, ventral aspect integrated into the umbilical cord
What is the yolk sac?
Defining characteristic of fetal stages
What is rapid growth and maturation?
What is a systolic flow murmur?
Physical exam finding signifying the end of stage 1 of phase 3 of parturition
What is a fully dilated cervix (10cm)?
What is prolactin?
Functions of amniotic fluid (4)
What are:
1. Breathing for lung maturation
2. Swallowing for GI tract development
3. Protects against trauma and infection
4. Allows for movement and MSK maturation
Effect of folate deficiency in pregnancy
What is decreased amino acid synthesis, DNA synthesis, and erythroblast apoptosis (leading to anemia)?
Effect of increased renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in pregnancy
What is increased Na+ resorption and K2+ excretion leading to water retention?
OR
What is increased erythropoietin levels?
What are:
1. Increased expression of myometrial oxytocin receptors
2. Lightening (descent of lower uterine segment through pelvic inlet)
3. Cervical ripening
4. Proliferation of endocervical glandular cells
Secretion from posterior pituitary stimulated by crying infant and causes alveolar myoepithelial cell contraction
What is oxytocin?
5 functions of placenta
What are:
1. Endocrine gland (hcG tell corpus luteum to continue estrogen/progesterone secretion)
2. Immunity
3. Excretory organ
4. Respiratory organ
5. Nutrition delivery
Distinction between fetal age and gestational age
What is gestational age is calculated by the first day of the LMP and fetal age is calculated from date of conception?
OR what is fetal age is 2 weeks behind gestational age?
What is compensated respiratory alkalosis?
What are dilation (pulling open of cervical os) and effacement (shortening/thinning of cervical canal)?
Action that stimulates PRL and oxytocin secretion while inhibiting the gonadostat
What is suckling?
Maternal and fetal components of placenta AND function of each
What is the decidua basalis (basal layer)- maternal? What is provides uterine lacunae where maternal vessels dump for fetal exchange?
What is the chorion- fetal? What is burrow into endometrium and function as gas/nutrient exchange site?
Alveolar development at week 24 of fetal age
What is type II pneumocyte development (surfactant secretion) without complete terminal sacs for respiration?
Increased estrogen levels in pregnancy increase hypercoagulability through there effect on these components of the clotting cascade (name 3)
What are:
1. Increases actors V, VII, VIII, and vWF
2. Increases thrombin and fibrinogen
3. Decreased protein C and S activity (indirectly effects factor X)
Name 3 actions that occur during phase 4 of parturition
What are:
1. Myometrial contraction
2. Uterine involution
3. Cervical repair
4. Lactogenesis
5. Ovulation (if not breast feeding)
Actions of progesterone on breast tissue in pregnancy
What is increase responsiveness to estradiol and increase alveolar growth?