Forms of Participation
This basic form of participation has become more equal between men and women over time.
What is voting?
Cultural beliefs about men’s and women’s roles in society can limit this.
What is women’s political participation?
A barrier to women’s participation caused by earning less than men.
What are socioeconomic factors or the gender wage gap?
Belonging to organizations or networks makes people more likely to do this.
What is participate in politics?
Countries with longer histories of this form of government often see more women participating.
What is democracy?
Working on campaigns, joining parties, or donating money are examples of this kind of participation.
What is formal participation?
In some societies, religious traditions reinforce women’s __________ to men.
What is subordinate status?
Higher levels of this help people gain the skills and confidence to engage in politics.
What is education?
Being part of community or volunteer groups helps people develop these useful skills.
What are leadership or civic skills?
Seeing women in political office can inspire more women to get involved — this is an example of what kind of effect?
What is a symbolic effect?
Protesting, demonstrating, and community organizing are examples of this kind of participation.
What is informal participation?
Countries that are more secular tend to have these kinds of gender attitudes.
What are more equal or egalitarian gender attitudes?
Having more time, money, and civic skills makes it easier to participate — these are known as what?
What are socioeconomic resources?
Political or social groups often encourage members to vote or stay active — this is called what?
What is mobilization?
Electoral rules that promote inclusion, such as proportional systems or quotas, have what kind of effect on gender gaps?
What is a reducing or narrowing effect?
Talking about politics and staying informed are part of this essential form of engagement.
What is political interest or political knowledge?
Cultural values often shape beliefs about what roles are “appropriate” for each gender in this arena.
What is politics or public life?
Because women are often newer to leadership and professional careers, they have had fewer of these opportunities.
What are opportunities for political engagement?
Men often hold more leadership roles in groups, giving them greater access to this.
What is political experience or influence?
Political parties are more likely to reach out to women voters when systems are designed to be more what?
What is inclusive or representative?
Despite closing the gap in voting, women still face challenges in most of these other participation forms.
What are formal and informal political activities?
When cultural norms shift toward equality, this happens to women’s engagement.
What is it increases?
As women’s income and education rise, this happens to their political participation.
What is it increases?
When women join more civic or political organizations, their overall participation tends to do this.
What is increase?
Electoral institutions shape gender gaps in these two main ways.
What are rational and symbolic effects?