General
It holds information acquired throughout our lifetime.
long term memory
What integrates information from the phonological loop, the visuospatial sketchpad, the episodic buffer, and the long term memory?
central executive
Who was Henry Molaison
Subject of a case study used in understanding roles of brain parts in formation and storage of memories
When individuals face difficulty learning new information due to interference from previously learned material is called...
proactive interference
It is the process of arranging several bits of information into sets that are meaningful and easier to remember.
chunking
Theorists and Name of Model that suggests that our immediate memory functions as a multi-part system, retaining and manipulation information as we engage in cognitive tasks.
Baddeley & Hitch: Working Memory Model of Memory
It processes sounds that you hear or make.
phonological loop
Brain part involved in formation and storage of procedural memories - esp. sensorimotor skills. (also, give an example of a sensorimotor skill)
Cerebellum. (Eg. cordination and balance; tracking objects with the eyes as they move; fine and gross motor skills)
Anterograde amnesia
inability to form new memories after developing amnesia
What is it called when you repeat the items silently in your mind?
rehearsal
Atkinson & Shiffrin - year and name of model
1968 - Multistore model of memory
Difference between WMM 1974 and 2000 versions. Explain its function.
2000 introduced the episodic buffer, which was not a feature of 1974 model - third slave system
- A temporary storehouse that hold and combines information from phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, and long term memory.
Role of amygdala in memory formation and storage
role in forming memories associated with fear. Only need a few repetitions to strengthen episodic memories stored in other regions of the brain. Does not store memories.
New information interferes with retrieval of previously stored information
Retroactive interference
Procedural and declarative memories - conscious or unconscious?
Procedural - unconscious
Declarative - conscious
Magic number in short term memory.
Magic number - 7 (+/- 2) Limited capacity of 5-9 pieces of information in STM. (Miller)
What is the 'inner voice'?
The articulatory process where heard words are repeated in a loop, allowing for maintenance rehearsal to occur.
Role of the hippocampus in memory formation and storage; evidence from Molaison.
- major role in formation of declarative memories (Molaison could not form new declarative memories after his hippocampus was removed).
- temporary store for memories before they are moved to pre-frontal cortex
Explain 'decay theory' with reference to memory traces
Decay theory - memories fade over time- especially in STM.
info transferred between memory stores leaves memory traces that rapidly disappear unless info is used quickly.
Three forms of recall - identify and explain.
Free recall (retrieval of as much information in any order); serial (retrieval of info in set order); cued (retrieval cues assist)
Duration, capacity and encoding of SR
Iconic: visual; unlimited capacity; 0.2-0.4 seconds duration)
Echoic: acoustic; unlimited capacity; 3-4 seconds
Role of episodic buffer in LTM semantic memories
it integrates LTMs with information retrieved from visuo-spatial sketchpad and phonological loop within the episodic buffer to form 'episodes' (Baddeley)
Name of the surgery undergone by Molaison, and outcome.
bilateral medial temporal lobe resection. Medial sections of TL removed (parts closest to the brain). Outcome - pair of amygdala removed and majority of hippocampus removed.
Findings of Ebbinghaus's study. Refer to data.
Forgetting curve - rapid forgetting over first day (66%), leading to more gradual loss over next days - supports decay theory
It refers to the relationship between a word's position in a list and its chance of being recalled.
serial position effect