Geographers tools
Cartographer
Longitude
Latitude
Map Projection
-mapmakers that convert 3D globe images onto flat maps to create map projection.
-geographic coordinate that specifies east west position of a point on surface of earth
-angular distance of place north or south of equator
-mathematical formula used to represent curved surface of the earth of the flat surface of the map
Isthmus
Archuipelago
Delta
-narrow strip of land with sea on either side
-group of islands
-area of low land where river spreads into smaller rivers
Hydrosphere
Lithosphere
Atmosphere
Biosphere
Continental shelf
Core
-total amt. of water on planet
-uppermost layer of earth
-layer of gases
-where life exists
-part of continent that is underwater
-innermost layer of earth
Latitude
-father from equator- colder
-closer to equator-hotter
Low, middle, high zones of latitude
arid/desert
semi-arrid/steppe
-extremly dry, 10 inches of rain or less, hot, some have snow.-small amount of plant and animal life, have to live with few water and extreme temp.-low
-less humid, 10-30 inches of rain, warm summers, harshly cold winters-diverse variety of grasses-low and middle
Title
Legend
Globe
Compass
-describes info. map presents
-lists symbols used on map
-scale model of earth that accurately depicts area, distance, direction.
-shows four basic cardinal directions
Escarpment
oasis
mesa
-steep slope at edge of plateau
-small fertile or green area in desert
-isolated flat topped hil with steep sides
Mantle
Crust
Continental Drift
Magma
Plate Techonics
Subduction
-thick middle layer of earths interior
-theory that continents were once joined
-molten rock below earths surface
-describes activities of continental drift
-oceanic plates drive beneath continental plates
Air masses
-northern hemisphere- cold air from north, hot air from south
-southern hemisphere-cold air from south, hot air from north
Tundra/polar
ice cap
tropical rain forest
-winter darkness and bitter cold, summer limited warming-thin layer of soil, low bushes, grasses, mosses-High
-ice more than 2 miles thick, below freezing-lychens are only form of vegitation-high
-average daily temp of 80, rains almost daily, 50-260 inches-thick vegitation that grows in layers- low
Scale
Physical Map
political map
historical map
-show actual distance between places on map
-shows major features, rivers, mountains, elevation, vegetation
-shows political boundaries between countries & states
-Show political boundaries from past.
Plain
Strait
Tributary
-large area of flat land
-narrow passage of water connecting two seas
-series of mountains or hills in line
Accretion
Spreading
Fold
Fault
Faulting
Weathering
-oceanic plates slide under continental plates
-magma wells up and pushes plates apart
-bend in layers of rock
-crack in earths crust
-process of cracking
-chem. or phys. process that breaks down rocks
Continentality
-closer to large body of water=smaller difference in temp.
-farther from large body of water= greater difference in temp.
Tropical dry
Mountains
Mediterranean
-dry and wet seasons, high temperatures-fewer plants and animals than rainforest, sunlight shines more-low
-mountains- less heat, elvation increases=temp. decreses, cold and snowy-forests, medows, special plants-varies with elevation
-rainy winters, hot dry summers-thickets of woody bushes and short trees-middle
Thematic Map
Absolute Location
Relative Location
population density map
-shows info relating to specific theme
-exact postion of place on earths surface
-location in relation to other places
- show where people live in specific area
Glacier
Island
River
-slowly moving mass of ice
-tract of land surrounded by water
-natural flowing watercourse
Erosion
Glacier
Moraine
Water cycle
Evaporation
Condensation
-movement of weathered rock
-ice that moves across surface of earth
-rocky debris left by glaciers movement
-regular movement of earths water: ocean, air, ground
-liquid into gas
-gas into liquid
Elevation
-higher you go colder it gets
-timberline- tress dont grow bc you go so high
Humid Continental
Humid Subtropical
-farther north winds travel the more longer and colder snowy winters, shorter and cooler summers-evergreens outnumbering deciduous trees.-middle
-short midle winters, nearly year round rain, high humidity,-praries and evergreens, deciduous trees and coniferous trees-mostly middle
Resource Map
Geospatial Technologies
GPS
Geographic Information
Great Circle Route
-shows major natural resources and agriculture
-assist geographers in answering questions
-used to determine exact location of something
-computer systems that process and organize details about other places on earth
-imaginary line that follows curve of earth and shows shortest distance between two points
Peninsula
Lake
Sea
Ocean
Plateau
Volcano
-land form mostly surround by water
-large body of salt water
-continuous body of salt water
-Area of high ground
-opening in earths crust that allows molten rock to spilll out.
Precipitation
Desalination
Groundwater
Aquifer
-moisture falls to earth
-removal of salt from sea water for drinking usage
-water located underground
-underground rock layer with water
Mountain barriers
Ocean currents
Pressure
Storms
-wind pushes ocean moisture to land-mouisture forms cloud-cloud reaches mountains and gets popped by top- rains on coastal side (windward)-cloud reaches other side of mountains (Leeway) and is dry
-North atlantic drift- warm current that flows up from equator keeps europe warmer than should be- cold currents=dry conditions on coast-warm currents=wet conditions
-high pressure- clear skies no rain cool air-low pressure- precipitation, warm-northern hemi-wind turns to right-southern hemi-wind turns to left
-occur when hot and cold masses collide
Subarctic
Marine West Coast
biterly cold winters, summers short and cool, widest temp. ranges in world-thin layer of soil thawed, permafrost, breif growing seasons-middle and high
-cool summers,damp winters, abundant rainfall- mixed forests-middle