The Reformation
What new technology helped spread Martin Luther’s ideas quickly across Europe?
The printing press
According to Martin Luther, salvation comes through what?
Faith
What war lasted from 1618 to 1648 and began as a religious conflict in Europe?
The Thirty Years’ War
Who proposed the heliocentric, or sun-centered, model of the universe?
Nicolaus Copernicus
What trade system connected Europe, Africa, and the Americas?
Triangular Trade
What Catholic practice involved paying money to reduce time in purgatory?
Indulgences
What is the Calvinist belief that God already decided who will go to heaven?
Predestination
What Catholic country supported Protestant states during the Thirty Years’ War?
France
Who improved the telescope and was placed under house arrest by the Catholic Church?
Galileo
What was the forced journey of enslaved Africans across the Atlantic called?
The Middle Passage
Who wrote the 95 Theses criticizing corruption in the Catholic Church?
Martin Luther
What Protestant belief emphasizes that individuals should interpret the Bible themselves?
Individual interpretation of the Bible
What treaty ended the Thirty Years’ War in 1648?
The Peace of Westphalia
Who developed the laws of motion and universal gravitation?
Isaac Newton
What exchange spread new crops, animals, and diseases between continents?
The Columbian Exchange
What action did the Pope take against Martin Luther after he refused to stop spreading his ideas?
He excommunicated Luther
What religious rituals were reduced in importance by Protestants?
Sacraments
What principle established by the Peace of Westphalia says states control their own affairs?
State sovereignty
Who promoted observation and experimentation as the foundation of the scientific method?
Francis Bacon
What economic system focused on exporting more than importing and using colonies for wealth?
Mercantilism
Why did some German princes support Martin Luther?
They wanted more political independence, control over church lands, or to weaken the power of the Pope
What is one major difference between Catholic and Protestant leadership?
Catholics follow a pope-led hierarchy, while Protestants have less centralized leadership
How did the Thirty Years’ War become more political than religious?
Countries fought for power, territory, and influence rather than religious beliefs
How did Renaissance humanism help lead to the Scientific Revolution?
It encouraged questioning authority, individual inquiry, and the use of reason and observation
What is one long-term effect of Atlantic trade on Europe or the Americas?
Growth of capitalism, population growth, racial slavery, or global economic connections