French Revolution
What were the major causes of the French Revolution?
Economic crisis, social inequality, heavy taxation, Enlightenment ideas, weak monarchy.
What role did the Creoles play in the independence movements?
They were wealthy but politically powerless and led revolutions to gain independence from Spanish rule.
What role did Galileo play in advancing the Scientific Revolution?
Galileo used telescopes to prove heliocentrism, leading to his trial
What was the main goal of Enlightenment thinkers?
To use reason to improve government, society, and individual rights.
What happened to Napoleon after his defeat at Waterloo?
He was exiled to Saint Helena, where he later died.
What were the social and economic causes of the French Revolution?
Social inequality (Three Estates system), heavy taxation on the Third Estate, food shortages, and economic crisis from debt.
Who were Simón Bolívar and José de San Martín?
Bolívar liberated northern South America, while San Martín led the southern independence movements.
Which invention helped spread new scientific ideas?
The printing press allowed faster sharing of discoveries.
How did the ideas of the Enlightenment spread throughout Europe?
Spread through books, salons, newspapers, and travel.
What were Napoleon’s greatest military victories and defeats?
Victories: Austerlitz (1805), Jena (1806).
Defeats: Russian Invasion (1812), Waterloo (1815).
How did the French Revolution change France’s government and society?
It abolished the monarchy, established a republic, promoted secularism, and introduced ideas of equality and citizenship.
What were the main causes of the Latin American revolutions?
Causes: Spanish rule, economic inequality, Enlightenment, Napoleonic Wars.
Why was the Scientific Revolution important for the development of modern science?
It introduced the scientific method, laid the foundation for physics, astronomy, and biology, and inspired future scientific advancements.
Which Enlightenment thinker influenced the U.S. Constitution’s separation of powers?
Montesquieu, who proposed dividing government into three branches.
How did the Napoleonic Wars impact European nationalism?
His conquests spread nationalist ideas, leading to independence movements and the unification of Italy and Germany.
What role did Robespierre play during the Reign of Terror?
He led the Committee of Public Safety, executed thousands of perceived enemies, and ruled through fear until his own execution.
How were the Latin American revolutions influenced by the American and French Revolutions?
Inspired by the American and French Revolutions’ ideas of liberty.
Why was the heliocentric theory controversial?
It contradicted religious teachings that the Earth was the center.
How did Enlightenment thinkers like Locke, Voltaire, and Montesquieu influence political philosophy?
Locke promoted natural rights and government by consent; Voltaire supported free speech; Montesquieu advocated separation of powers.
What was the purpose and outcome of the Congress of Vienna?
It aimed to restore balance in Europe after Napoleon, reinstating monarchies and reshaping borders to prevent future wars.
How did the Estates-General contribute to the start of the Revolution?
The Third Estate was underrepresented and broke away to form the National Assembly, demanding more political power.
What were the long-term effects of these revolutions on Latin America?
Resulted in political instability, military rule, and social inequality.
How did Isaac Newton contribute to science?
He formulated the laws of motion and universal gravitation.
How did Enlightenment ideas affect monarchies?
They encouraged people to challenge absolute rule and demand reforms
What were the main achievements of the Napoleonic Code?
The Napoleonic Code promoted legal equality and property rights.