Absolutism & Enlightenment
This is when a king has unchecked total power
Absolute monarchy
Signed in 1215, this document limited the English king’s power and protected the rights of the barons.
The Magna Carta
Searching for weapons in 1789, Parisians stormed this royal prison, a symbol of the king’s power.
The Bastille
Landowners fencing in common farmland pushed farmers into cities, creating a large labor pool. Name this movement AND one other reason the Industrial Revolution began in England.
Enclosure
Pride in and loyalty to your own nation or people, based on shared language, culture, and history, is called this.
Nationalism
This belief says a king’s right to rule comes directly from God, so no one can question him.
Divine right
This type of government has a king, but he has to follow the rules written down in a document.
Constitutional Monarchy
Name TWO economic causes of the French Revolution.
huge war debt, lavish spending at Versailles, famine from poor harvests, nobles and clergy refusing to pay more taxes.
What economic idea is associated with Karl Marx
communism.
Count Cavour unified northern Italy. This general joined southern Italy to the north.
Giuseppe Garibaldi.
This English philosopher wrote Leviathan and said people need a strong government (a monarchy) because life without one is “solitary, poor, nasty, brutish.”
Thomas Hobbes
This Stuart king was beheaded in 1649 after he lost the English Civil War.
Charles I.
This French general rose through the army by merit, took power in a coup d’état, and later crowned himself Emperor.
Napoleon Bonaparte.
James Watt improved this machine, which came to power factories, locomotives, and steamships.
The steam engine.
This Prussian leader unified Germany through war and by appealing to nationalist feelings, using a “whatever works” approach called Realpolitik.
Otto von Bismarck
This philosopher said people have natural rights to life, liberty, and property. Thomas Jefferson used his ideas in the Declaration of Independence.
John Locke
This fiercely Puritan leader led the Parliamentarians to victory in the English civil war.
Oliver Cromwell.
Led by Robespierre and the Committee of Public Safety, this period saw about 40,000 people executed or die in prison, many by the guillotine.
The Reign of Terror.
Name ONE benefit and ONE cost of the Industrial Revolution.
Benefits: cheaper goods, higher wages, longer life expectancy, rise of the middle class. Costs: child labor, dangerous work, pollution, overcrowded cities, income inequality.
Hatred of or prejudice against Jewish people is called this.
Anti-Semitism.
This Frenchman wrote The Spirit of the Laws and argued for separation of powers.
Montesquieu
In 1689, William and Mary accepted this document after the Glorious Revolution. It limited the monarchy, increased Parliament’s power, and created a constitutional monarchy.
The English Bill of Rights.
This former enslaved man, influenced by Enlightenment ideas, led the Haitian Revolution against France.
Toussaint L’Ouverture.
This brutal journey carried enslaved Africans across the Atlantic on overcrowded ships. The slave labor it supplied helped grow industrial economies.
The Middle Passage
This idea applied “survival of the fittest” to human groups and was used to justify racial anti-Semitism.
Social Darwinism.