People
Who was Justinian's "brilliant general" who led armies to reconquer North Africa, Italy, and Southern Spain? He also helped Justinian during the Nika Revolts.
Belisarius
What is scholasticism?
A method to support Christian beliefs with reason
What person ruled in Plato's ideal society?
Philosopher-kings
What 2 rivers is Mesopotamia located between?
The Tigris and the Euphrates?
Name 2 differences between romanesque and gothic buildings
Romanesque Buildings:
- Had Roman influences
- Looked like fortresses w/ thick walls and towers
- Roof = barrel vault
- Long tunnel of stone that covered the main structure (heavy - thick walls help support)
- Tiny slits for windows
- Dark and gloomy
Gothic Buildings:
- Had flying buttresses to support the weight
- Had higher walls and spires
- Huge stained glass windows
Hugh Capet was the count of what place and why was he elected to the throne of France?
He was the count of Paris and was elected to fill the vacant throne
What is vernacular?
The everyday language of the ordinary people
Who was the ruler of the Incas? What was the Queen called?
The Sapa Inca, Coya
What mountain range did the Incas live on?
What were the 5 relationships and who created them?
Father-Son
Husband-Wife
Older Brother-Younger Brother
Ruler-Subject
Friend-Friend
Confucius created them
What book did Christine de Pizan write and what was it about?
City of Ladies, she questioned why women were not schooled
What is an autocrat?
A sole ruler with complete responsibility
What was the early church hierarchy?
1. Patriarch
2. Archbishop
3. Bishops
4. Priests
5. Laity
Where did Islam emerge?
The Arabian Penninsula
What were the 5 pillars of Islam?
1. Declaration of faith
2. Daily prayer
3. Charity to the poor
4. Fasting during Ramadan
5. The Hajj (trip to Mecca)
What did al-Khwarizmi pioneer?
Algebra, he also developed a set of astronomical tables
What was the Hijira?
The journey Muhammed and his followers took from Mecca to Medina (formerly Yathrib)
How did women's position in Arabic society differ before and after Islam?
Before:
- Most = under control of a male guardian and could not inherit property
- Some partook in religion, trade, and warfare
- In some tribes, unwanted daughter were killed at birth
After:
- Women gained more legal protections
- Killing daughters = illegal
- Women could get a share of her parents’ or husband’s property
- Had to freely consent to marriage
- Had a right to an education
Where were most Mayan city-states located?
The Yucatan in southern Mexico and much of Central America
What were Islam's 5 pillars of faith?
1. Declaration of faith
2. Daily prayer
3. Charity to the poor
4. Fasting during the month of Ramadan
5. The Hajj (trip to Mecca)
Name 2 ways that Solon reformed Greece
- Outlawed debt slavery and freed those who were already in debt slavery
- Opened high offices to more citizens
- Granted citizenship to some foreigners
- Gave the Athenian assembly more say
- Introduced economic reform, encouraged export of olive oil/wine
What is a caliph?
The successor to Muhammad/the chief Muslim civil and religious ruler
What was the Indian social pyramid?
1. Brahmins (Priests)
2. Khsatriyas (Warriors)
3. Vaishyas (Merchants)
4. Sudra (Commoners)
5. Untouchables
Name 3 of the the geographic boundaries isolating China from the rest of the world covered this year? Where where they located (in relation to China)?
(use cardinal directions, like _the trees_ in the _east_)
China was bordered by the Himalayas in the west and southwest, by jungles in the southeast, the Gobi Desert in the north, and the Pacific Ocean in the east.
Why did Rome fall?
(Military, Political, Economic, Social-name reasons from each)
Military:
- Germanic invasions
- Lack of discipline and training of the Roman legions
- The hiring of mercenaries
Political:
- Government is more oppressive and authoritarian = losing the support of the people
- Growing number of corrupt officials undermined loyalty
- Frequent civil wars over succession to the imperial throne
- Dividing the empire
Economic:
- More taxes
- Reliance on slave labor
- Farmers abandoned their land and the middle class sunk into poverty
- Climate change also might have reduced agricultural productivity
- The population decline
Social:
- Decline in values (patriotism, discipline, and devotion to duty)
- The upper class, which had once provided leaders, devoted itself to self-interest and luxury
- Providing “bread and circuses” may have undermined the self-reliance of the masses