Enlightenment
What was the Enlightenment?
A time when scholars and philosophers began to change their perspectives on government, religion, economics, and education. The Enlightenment placed importance on reason and thought. (A period of logic and thinking)
What was the Industrial Revolution? Where & when did the Industrial Revolution begin?
Change from making goods by hand to making them by machine, which greatly increased goods output and drastically grew industrialized economies. It began in England, mid-1700s.
Define imperialism and social Darwinism.
Imperialism is the act of one country taking over another country, often to gain land and natural resources.
Based on Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution, Social Darwinism states people who are fittest for survival enjoyed wealth and success, and are considered superior to others. According to this theory, non-Europeans were considered lower-status humans because they had not made the kinds of scientific and technical achievements that Europeans had.
What were the MAIN causes of World War 1?
Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, Nationalism
What was the Cold War?
A conflict between the United States and the Soviet Union beginning in 1949 (lasting until 1991) wherein struggles over political differences involved many threats, but never escalated into military action or war between the two nations. The USA and USSR employed tactics such as spying, propaganda, diplomacy, and secret operations against one another; all this was done due to the ideological conflict between democratic USA and communist USSR.
1. What is a social contract according to Thomas Hobbes?
2. Who was John Locke and what did he believe?
1. Hobbes felt that people are naturally evil at heart; therefore the best type of government was an absolute monarchy with an absolute ruler who could keep citizens under control.
2. John Locke believed people were naturally good. Locke disliked absolute government, and instead supported self-government, known (later) as a democracy. Locke felt that people are born with the rights of life, liberty, and happiness, and that if a government violated these rights, the citizens should overthrow that government. Locke and Hobbes were opposites in their views of people and government styles.
1. Who was Adam Smith & what book did he write?
2. Who was Robert Owen & what did he do?
3. Who was Karl Marx & what did he write?
1. Adam Smith was an economist and the founder of capitalism; he wrote the book Wealth of Nations.
2. Robert Owen is the founder of socialism. Socialism is known as a welfare society in which high taxes help provide for the needs of all citizens.
3. Karl Marx is the “Father of Communism” and he wrote the book “Communist Manifesto”.
Describe the Scramble for Africa and the long term effects.
The Scramble for Africa was the competition among European nations to gain land in Africa. The Europeans destroyed much of Africa’s culture and forced some tribes together, while splitting up others. Due to European dominance in Africa lasting about 100 years, when Europeans finally did grant African nations independence, they left power in the hands of militias and corrupt leaders. Because of this, Africa is far behind the rest of the world in terms of modernization and stable governments.
What nations made up the Central Powers?
What nations made up the Allied Powers?
Central Powers-Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, Ottoman Empire. (remember, they had this name because of their location in the center of Europe)
Allied Powers-Great Britain, France, Italy, Russia (USA in 1917)
What is the Iron Curtain?
A phrase coined by Winston Churchill after WW2 that represented the divide between mostly democratic Western Europe and Communist Eastern Europe.
What do each of the documents below have in common?
Magna Carta
English Bill of Rights
American Declaration of Independence
French Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen
They promoted democracy, a government in which people have rights and can vote for their leaders
What new ideologies emerged in response to industrialization and what are the differences in the ideologies?
Capitalism - Land and all property is privately owned (by individual citizens).
Socialism is known as a welfare society in which high taxes help provide for the needs of all citizens.
Communism - government has full control of all property, goods, and businesses to ensure all wealth is being distributed in an even fashion.
The Boxer Rebellion broke out because the Chinese people were frustrated. What were they frustrated about?
The Chinese Boxers were a group of Chinese that resented Westerners and Western influence in China. During the Boxer rebellion, the Boxers murdered Chinese Christians and other Westerners as a result of the spheres of influence in China, the opium wars, and the spreading of Christian religion. The rebellion was shut down after about 1 year.
How did unrestricted submarine warfare influence American entry into World War I?
The Germans announced that they would be using unrestricted submarine warfare, meaning they would shoot any ship in the ocean in “restricted” waters. In May 1915, Germany shot the ship Lusitania, a British passenger ship that had 128 US citizens aboard. In 1917, German submarines sank 3 more American ships.
What did the United States hope to achieve with containment?
Containment was a U.S. foreign policy initiative directed at the Soviet Union in the late 1940’s and 1950’s. Enacted by President Truman, containment actually was thought of by George Kennan. The goal of containment was to block Soviet influence throughout the world and stop the expansion of communism through forming alliances and helping weak countries resist Soviet advancements. The Truman Doctrine of 1947, with its guarantee of immediate economic and military aid to Greece and Turkey, was an initial application of the policy of containment.
List and briefly describe the three estates in France prior to the French Revolution.
(Extra 100 pts: What happened at the storming of the Bastille?)
First Estate- Clergy; disliked Enlightenment ideas
Second Estate- Rich nobles, government employees
Third Estate- 97% of France’s population. Middle and lower classes; had no power in government. Only class/estate that had to pay taxes. Really liked Enlightenment ideas
How did the political theories of socialism and communism reflect the changes brought about by industrialization?
Communist support a society in which the ultimate goal is for all people to be equal and for there to be a classless society, whereas, socialist strives for the same thing but implements a free enterprise system.
What is a sphere of influence?
A sphere of influence is a region inside an independent nation that another country has influence over. For instance, inside China, France, Germany, and Japan all had spheres of influence where they controlled trade in China. This angered many Chinese citizens who wanted no part of Western culture.
What is the “Day Which Will Live in Infamy?”
December 7, 1941 – Pearl Harbor
Identify the tactics used to intimidate the opposition during the Cold War, especially focusing on brinkmanship, the Arms Race, and the Space Race.
The new H-Bomb (hydrogen bomb) was among the biggest threats of nuclear war, and both the USA and USSR had them; this pushed the two nations toward brinkmanship. Brinkmanship, a term coined by Eisenhower’s Secretary of State, John Foster Dulles, was the willingness to go to the brink, or edge, of war. Brinkmanship thus led into the arms race, a competition to stockpile the strongest weapons, as well as increase military strength. The nations’ science and education programs were also affected by the Cold War, as each sought to expand their space capabilities. The USSR dominated this arena early on by creating ICBM’s (intercontinental ballistic missiles) and by launching Sputnik, the first unmanned satellite into space in 1957. In 1969, however, the US successfully landed the first men on the moon.
What was the Reign of Terror and who was Napoleon Bonaparte?
The time period when any “enemies of the French Revolution” were murdered at the guillotine. Enemies of the revolution were people who supported the king or who didn’t support the revolution. Bonaparte was known as a war hero, and eventually gained the French people’s support in government and made himself into France’s dictator in 1799. In 1814, Napoleon faced defeat by European nations and had to give up his throne as Emperor of France.
What important political, social, economic, cultural, and demographic changes occurred as a result of the Industrial Revolution?
Urbanization (Moving from rural areas to the cities)
Living conditions - Dirty (feces, human wastes), cramped living quarters, pollution
Working conditions - Long hours, no breaks, very little pay, child labor
Other nations industrialized because factories needed water power, so the first ones were built near rivers and streams.
Why did the Sepoy Mutiny (Rebellion) occur?
Indians began to realize the Europeans were controlling their land; the Europeans treated the Indians with disrespect; the Europeans were trying to convert the Indians to Christianity; the Europeans used pig and cow fat to coat the Enfield rifles.
(Remember, at this time India was made up of both Muslims and Hindus- Muslims do not eat pork, and Hindus revere cows. The fact that you had to bite off the end of the bullet cartridge was a violation of their religions and highly offensive.)
Describe The Great Leap Forward.
The Great Leap Forward was an economic initiative that sought to expand the success of Mao’s 5 Year Plan. In 1958, Mao strived to thoroughly implement Marxist Socialism in China so he took control of China’s farmlands and forced peasants to work on large collective farms, called communes. there was no incentive for the people to work hard because only the government profited and the peasants were not allowed to own anything. Therefore the Great Leap Forward ended in 1961 after crop failures resulted in a famine that killed about 20 million people.