Enlightenment
This Enlightenment thinker believed in natural rights like life, liberty, and property, and his ideas inspired the U.S. Declaration of Independence.
Who is John Locke?
This event, often seen as the start of the French Revolution, involved the storming of a Parisian prison on July 14, 1789.
What is the Storming of the Bastille?
This invention by James Watt in the late 18th century greatly improved the efficiency of steam power and helped drive the Industrial Revolution.
What is the steam engine?
This movement, led by figures like Giuseppe Mazzini and Count Cavour, aimed to unite the various independent states of Italy into a single nation-state.
What is Italian unification?
This 1898 event, in which the United States annexed territories like the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Guam, marked the nation's shift towards imperialism and expansion beyond its borders.
What is the Spanish-American War?
This 17th-century conflict in England pitted Royalists, who supported King Charles I, against Parliamentarians, who wanted to limit the king's power.
What was the English Civil War?
This document, adopted in 1789, proclaimed that all men are born free and equal in rights, reflecting Enlightenment ideals.
What is the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen?
This British inventor is credited with creating the first practical spinning machine, the spinning jenny, in the late 1700s.
Who is James Hargreaves?
This leader is known for his role in the unification of Germany, overseeing the creation of the German Empire in 1871 after the defeat of France in the Franco-Prussian War.
Who is Otto von Bismarck?
This African nation was the only one to successfully resist European imperialism, defeating Italy at the Battle of Adwa in 1896.
What is Ethiopia?
This 1215 document limited the power of the English monarchy and is often considered a foundational step in the development of constitutional government.
What is the Magna Carta?
Before the French Revolution, French society was divided into three of these social classes: the clergy, the nobility, and the common people.
What are the Estates?
The Industrial Revolution led to the rise of this economic system, which advocates for private ownership of the means of production and free-market competition.
What is capitalism?
This term refers to the political idea that people who share common language, culture, and history should form their own nation, and it played a major role in the unification of Italy and Germany.
What is nationalism?
This 19th-century British policy, famously illustrated by Rudyard Kipling’s poem, justified imperialism by claiming it was the "duty" of Europeans to "civilize" non-European nations.
What is the White Man’s Burden?
This Enlightenment thinker wrote Leviathan and argued that people need a strong central authority to avoid chaos and maintain order.
Who is Thomas Hobbes?
This 1793-1794 period during the French Revolution was marked by mass executions of "enemies of the revolution."
What is the Reign of Terror?
The First Industrial Revolution focused primarily on textile manufacturing and steam power, while the Second Industrial Revolution saw advancements in electricity, steel, and chemicals. This key development of the Second Industrial Revolution transformed manufacturing processes.
What is the introduction of mass production and the assembly line?
This war, fought between France and Prussia in 1870-1871, was a key event in the unification of Germany, as it rallied the southern German states to join the North German Confederation.
What is the Franco-Prussian War?
This 1857 uprising in India was a major resistance against British imperial rule and led to the British government taking direct control over India.
What is the Great Rebellion of 1857 or Sepoy Mutiny?
This Enlightenment figure wrote The Spirit of Laws, advocating for the separation of powers in government to prevent tyranny.
Who was Baron de Montesquieu?
In 1812, Napoleon launched a disastrous invasion of this country, where harsh winters and scorched-earth tactics devastated his army.
What is Russia?
This 1833 act in Britain sought to improve working conditions by limiting the working hours of children and setting regulations for factory inspections.
What is the Factory Act of 1833?
This 1861-1870 war between France and Prussia led to the final unification of Germany under King Wilhelm I, marking the end of the Napoleonic influence in Europe.
What is the Franco-Prussian War?
This term refers to the competition among European nations to acquire colonies in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
What is the "New Imperialism" or the "Scramble for Africa"?