The Enlightenment
In A Vindication of the Rights of Woman, this Enlightenment writer argued that women should receive education and equal rights.
Mary Wollstonecraft
This European nation provided crucial military and financial aid to the American colonists after 1778.
France
This successful slave revolt in the French colony of Saint-Domingue led to independence and this nation in 1804
Haiti
This island nation was the first to industrialize, thanks to coal, capital, waterways, and a supportive government.
Britain
This economic system argued that factories and land should be owned collectively to reduce inequality caused by industrial capitalism.
Socialism
Enlightenment thinkers argued that people are born with these basic freedoms that governments exist to protect.
Natural Rights
This largely bloodless 1688 event removed James II and strengthened Parliament’s power over the monarchy.
Glorious Revolution
France’s heavy spending on wars and royal luxuries forced the king to call this representative body in 1789.
Estates General
After unification in 1871, this nation rapidly industrialized by expanding railroads, steel production, and chemical industries.
Germany
This deadly waterborne disease spread rapidly in overcrowded industrial cities due to poor sanitation and contaminated drinking water.
Cholera
This Enlightenment principle divides government authority into different branches to prevent any one group from gaining too much power.
Separation of Powers
After the English Civil War, England briefly became this type of government under Oliver Cromwell.
Republic (Commonwealth)
In Spain’s American colonies, this social group was made up of people of European descent born in the Americas who often led independence movements.
Creoles
This gave inventors the legal right to profit from their inventions.
Patent
This group of early 19th-century British workers protested industrialization by destroying machines they believed threatened their jobs.
Luddites
This French Enlightenment writer defended freedom of speech and religion, often criticizing the Catholic Church.
Voltaire
This 1776 pamphlet by Thomas Paine convinced many colonists that independence from Britain was necessary.
Common Sense
During this period, revolutionary leaders used mass executions to eliminate perceived enemies of the revolution.
Reign of Terror
Invented by Richard Arkwright, this water-powered machine spun stronger, finer thread and helped move textile production into factories.
Water Frame
This group of six English farm workers were arrested in 1834 for forming a labor union and later became symbols of the fight for workers’ rights.
Tolpuddle Martyrs
This theory explains government as an agreement in which people give up some freedoms in exchange for protection and order.
Social Contract
This English king was executed in 1649 after losing the English Civil War against Parliament.
Charles I
This 1789 event symbolized the fall of royal authority when Parisians stormed a prison fortress.
Storming of the Bastille
This process fenced off common lands in Britain, increasing agricultural productivity while pushing many rural workers toward factory jobs.
Enclosure
This phrase describes the widening gap in wealth and living standards between industrial elites and the working poor.
The "Immense Wedge"