Chapter One: The Middle World & Chapter Two: The Hijra
What was the Prophet's message?
There is only one God
Who were the 4 Rashidun caliphs?
Abu Bakr, Omar, Uthman, and 'Ali
Who were the Umayyads
The first Islamic empire that established civilization, peace, and Arabization
Why are scholars in Islam important?
What three khalifates co-existed at the same time?
Abbasids, Umayyads, and Fatimds
What was the hijra and why was it important?
The migration from Mecca to Medina; it started the new Islamic calendar; allowed the deen to flourish, Muslims live in peace.
Which caliph expanded the Islamic empire also known as ?
Omar
What is the Dome of the Rock?
A building that surrounds the rock the Prophet ascended to heaven from.
Who was Abu Muslim?
A professional revolutionary hired to encourage people in the eastern parts of the Umayyad Dynasty to turn towards the Abbasid cause. He preached the community had started to go astray.
Who were the mamluks?
Turkic slave soldiers
What did the Muslims learn from the Battle of Badr?
What were the Apostate Wars and who fought against them?
The Apostate Wars occurred right after the death to of the Prophet. Many believers refused to pay zakat, deceivers claimed to be the "next" prophet, and general rebellion among Arab tribes. Abu Bakr.
Who were the adversaries of the Abbasids?
Shi'is and Persians
Who were the Buyids?
Persian family advisors to the Abbasids who rose up and created their own dynasty with the support of the their mamluk soldiers
Why was Mesopotamia important to human civilization?
Mesopotamia is where writing, the wheel, the potter's wheel, astronomy, the base 12 system and other ideas were developed. It was fertile land that allowed people to settled from nomadic to farming societies.
What caused the Sunni/Shia' spilt?
The political - followers of 'Ali believed he should have been the caliph much earlier than he was appointed.
Later theological divisions grew.
What were some of the greatest achievements of the Umayyads?
Art, architecture, the realm of peace vs. war, separate desert palaces from conquered peoples, wealth, waqfs, proof of Allah's divinity onto the Islamic empire
What is a Sufi & name one person
Someone who seeks to develop a personal relationship with Allah.
Who were the Ghaznavid and name one leader
Sultan Mahmud or Masud
A mamluk slave-solider rose up the ranks and took power from the Samanids and established the Ghazanvids, encouraged Persian culture, separation between the religious leader of the Muslim community and military/political leader of the Muslim world.
The Sassanians were Persian, Zoroastrian, and had leaders like Khusrow Aunshervan
The Byzantines were the wealthier half of the Roman empire, practiced Orthodox Christianity, and had leaders like Justinian
How did Uthman's role as caliph lead to the establishment of the Umayyad Dynasty?
Uthman's economic policies enriched the already wealthy Umayyads. He appointed many of his family members as governors of different territories.
Mu'awiya
What was Plato's argument about the realm of forms?
The material world was an illusionary show cast by a "real" world that consisted of unchangeable and eternal forms.
Why was the Islamic world in turmoil by the year 1095CE?
Various dynasties, foreign invaders, separation of religious and political rule