The Crusades
The Crusades can best be described as:
A series of ongoing wars fought between the Catholic Church and Muslims over control of the Holy Land.
The Renaissance took place across Europe and affected:
The arts, science, philosophy, math, and geography and encouraged people to view themselves as individuals; prompting many to seek glory through discovery adventure, and conquest.
The Commercial Revolution is best described as:
A time when the European societies saw changes in trade and finance resulting in the use of large fairs with increased trade, standardized currency and exchange rates, lines of credit, and banks.
The Battle of Hastings was fought between the:
Normans (Northern France) and the British over the control of the English throne. The Normans prevailed over the British and England was distributed among Norman nobles who swore allegiance to the Duke. This resulted in the centralization of government in England.
In the 1300’s, the Bubonic Plague spread throughout Asia, North Africa and Europe, killing ⅓ of the European population. Identify the primary cause of the mass spread of this horrible disease:
The disease spread across the trade routes and on ships; first on infected fleas on the backs of rodents. The disease traveled quickly, reaching every corner in Europe across a four year span, eventually killing 25 million Europeans.
Ultimately, the Crusades ended when:
Prevalent European Monarch and devout Catholic, Richard the Lionhearted negotiated a truce with the Muslim Saladin wherein Jerusalem remained under Muslim control but Christians were permitted to visit freely.
The spread of the Renaissance was enable in large part by:
Johannes Gutenberg’s invention of movable type in 1445.
The Commercial Revolution inspired:
Individuals to move from farms to towns in search of opportunities and a better life.
Before the Norman control of England the country can best be described as:
Several small feudal states ruled by independent leaders.
At the time of the plague there was also a great war being fought control of modern day France, the 100 Years War. This war was fought between these two united monarchies:
France and England
The Spanish Reconquista’s were launched in effort to:
Drive all Muslims out of Spain.
Along with the changes in European agriculture, the European economy saw the development of organizations of individuals who worked in the same business or occupation that worked to improve the working conditions of its members, set industry standards for work, wages, and working condition. These organizations were known as:
Guilds
The hierarchical system, known as the feudal system, that ruled throughout Europe:
Was a fixed place social ranking system with the monarchy and Church leaders at the top and peasants or serfs at the bottom. As individuals made the move from towns, often times to escape serfdom, and a middle class emerged weakening this system.
England’s King Henry was a horrible ruler who lost English control of Normandy. As a result of his ineffective leadership:
His nobles revolted and forced him to sign the Magna Carta which guaranteed the people basic rights and limited the king's power. Rights included no taxation without representation, a jury trial, and protection under the law.
The 100 years’ war brought about a change in fighting and weaponry including the creation of this form of weaponry that allowed the English to fight larger distances than ever before, contributing to their victory over the British
The long bow
A code of Chivalry that Knights referred to for etiquette and expectations. It also rekindled an interest in the arts and literature.
During the Renaissance period Universities sprung up throughout Europe. These Universities can best be described as:
Being made up of scholars, not necessarily a building, as they met wherever they could. Most scholars were sons of the middle-class burghers and most educational goals were to earn a job in government or the church. Timelines for educational progression were drastically extended at this time (i.e. 5-7 years for a bachelor’s degree, masters taking around 12 years.)
In the early years of banking the Catholic Church forbade participation stating:
Earning interest from lending money was a sin referred to as usury.
Phillip the IV of France was one of the first rulers to openly challenge the Church. In order to build his support against the powerful Catholic leader Phillip:
Began to include commoners in his policy meetings, creating a group of three estates known as the Estates General.
The 100 Years War resulted in:
The Crusades also included the Children's Crusade. This crusade is best described as:
A disastrous popular crusade by European Christians to regain the Holy Land from the Muslims that involved thousands of children under the age of 18.
Overpopulated places where the streets were narrow, and were filled with animals and waste. Without a proper sewage system human waste was dumped into the streets. Baths were few and far in between and houses lacked fresh air, light, and clean water.
Because of the strict rules of the Catholic Church regarding usury, this religious group started the banking industry:
The Jews. This resulted in bad feelings towards the group and may have contributed to their blaming during the plague.
Under Phillips rule the pope’s residence was transferred and after this pope died an Italian pope was selected, outraging the public who demanded a Roman leader. The Church added a second pope to appease the people. With both popes claiming to be the real pope:
Shortly after the second was added, a third pope was also put into place. As a result, there was a split within the Church known as the Great Schism. In attempts to end the Great Schism all three popes were forced to resign. The council selected a new pope, ending the Great Schism but leaving the church weak.
The Bubonic Plague was referred to at The Black Death because:
Black spots appeared on the bodies of the infected.