Industrial Revolution Begins
What was one reason Great Britain led the Industrial Revolution?
It had money and natural resources.
What new social groups emerged during the Industrial Revolution?
The middle class and the working class.
Which invention used steam power to move machinery?
The steam engine.
Who wrote The Wealth of Nations and promoted capitalism?
Adam Smith.
The Industrial Revolution began in which country?
Great Britain.
What was one natural advantage that helped England industrialize first?
Its rivers provided power and transportation.
What was a major problem caused by rapid urbanization?
Substandard housing and poor sanitation.
Which industries led the Second Industrial Revolution?
Steel, electricity, chemicals, and petroleum.
What does the term “laissez-faire” mean?
The government should not interfere with business.
What resource powered the first factories and trains?
Coal.
What system replaced handmade goods with machine production in factories?
The factory system.
What innovation helped improve health and survival rates in cities?
Improved public sanitation.
What allowed industrialization to spread rapidly across Europe and the U.S.?
The railroads.
Why did socialism and communism become appealing to workers?
They wanted fairer working conditions and equality.
What European region dominated the world’s economy due to its industries?
Europe.
Why did coal production expand during the Industrial Revolution?
Because forests were disappearing, and coal powered machines.
What did working-class women do to begin changing their social status?
They worked outside the home.
Why did steel and electricity replace earlier technologies?
They made businesses more efficient and productive.
Who authored The Communist Manifesto?
Karl Marx
How did workers respond to poor working conditions?
By organizing unions and demanding reforms.
Which innovation helped goods move faster from factories to markets?
The railroads.
How did people’s lives become more divided into work and leisure time?
Industrialization created strict factory hours.
Which innovation transformed communication and global connection?
The telegraph and telephone.
What was the main difference between capitalism and communism?
Capitalism favors private ownership; communism favors collective ownership by the workers.
How did industrialization affect women’s and children’s roles in society?
They joined the workforce, often in unsafe factory jobs with low pay.