What problems did the environment of South America create?
Extremely dry area, high mountain range, rain forest
100
How did the Qin Dynasty unify and expand China?
Conquered other states in military campaigns, subdued raiders to the north and south
100
What features characterized Chinese society in the Han period?
Confucianism, filial piety, clearly defined social classes, most people were peasants
100
How did the Mauryan Empire unify much of India, and who were its key rulers?
Built large army with soldiers, chariots, and war elephants; conquered territories; Chandragupta Maurya and Ashoka
100
Why did peoples from Central Asia invade northern India during the period after the collapse of the Mauryan Empire?
They had been displaced from China by invasions of Qin and Han.
200
How was the Inca Empire organized?
Families grouped into communities called ayllus; group of ten ayllus had a chief who reported to higher official; chain of command stretched from local level up to emperor
200
How did Shi Huangdi unify China and build a strong empire?
Conquered other states; centralized government suppressed all criticism; subdued raiders to the north, constructed Great Wall
200
How was life more difficult for women than for men in Han society?
Rarely educated or owned property; valued less by family; expected to obey husband and family; rarely gained status
200
How did the reigns of Chandragupta Maurya and Ashoka differ?
Chandragupta Maurya: strict state control, spies, conquest
Ashoka: nonviolence, public works, Buddhist teachings
200
Why was the Gupta form of government effective?
Direct rule over central part of the empire; indirect rule of those who lived in outer areas by local officials who were responsible to the Guptas
300
How did the Inca Empire create stability?
They forced local leaders out of villages, used a system of resettlement by replacing them with loyal Inca leaders.
300
How did the Han Dynasty restore unity and strengthen China’s government?
Softened Legalist policies, lowered taxes, created large bureaucracy, restored stability, implemented civil service exam
300
What was life like for Chinese peasants during the Han Dynasty?
Worked hard in fields, farmed, raised animals, often sold land to feed families, forced to work on building projects, easily forced into debt, worked for wealthy landowners
300
How did Greek sculptural forms come into India?
Greek invaders from Afghanistan introduced Greek forms of sculpture in India.
300
What features defined Indian society and trade during the Gupta period?
Social roles defined by caste and gender; limited roles for women; prosperity; cities admired for wealth and beauty; foreign trade increased and caused cultural diffusion and spread of Buddhism and Hinduism to Southeast Asia
400
How did the mita system work?
Government strictly controlled the economy by requiring a labor tax on the common people. People wove cloth for the army, worked on government-owned farms or mines, and built roads.
400
What was an advantage of having a civil service system?
Ideally, officials would be selected based on merit, not family ties, to ensure that officials were well qualified. However, in Han society, wealthy families still possessed great political power.
400
How did trade and the spread of Buddhism affect Han society?
Profitable trade on Silk Roads, connections to Central Asia and beyond, Buddhism became important religion in China
400
What were major cultural and scientific achievements of the Gupta golden age?
Sanskrit literature, religious art and architecture, temples and statues, metallurgy, advancements in mathematics, medicine, and astronomy
500
What methods did the government use to control the Inca Empire?
Relocation of local leaders, the mita, organized society into ayllus
500
Why is Wudi considered to be the greatest Han emperor?
He promoted economic growth, Confucianism, the civil service system, and expanded the empire through warfare.
500
How did trade over the Silk Roads affect China’s culture?
Profitable trade in luxury items, connections to Central Asia, introduction of Buddhism
500
Which key rulers and events shaped the Gupta Empire?
Chandra Gupta I married into powerful clan; Samudra Gupta conquered 12 rulers in south India; Chandra Gupta II expanded territory; White Huns invaded
500
How did trade affect city life in Gupta society?
Cities prospered, shops and markets bustled, money became common, culture stressed luxury and pleasure for urban wealthy