Absolutism & Empires
What is an absolute monarchy?
A syste of government in which a monarch/ruler holds unlimited power
Which Enlightenment thinker argued that government shold protect people's natural rights?
John Locke
Which estate included most commoners and carried much of the tax burden before the French Revolution?
The Third Estate
What government did Napoleon overthrow in the coup of 1799
The Directory
Who was the best known leader of the Haitian revolution?
Toussaint Louverture
Which French king built up Versailles as a center of royal power and control over the nobility?
Louis XIV
Which thinker promoted seperation of powers to prevent tyranny?
Montesquieu
Name two major causes of the French Revolution
Social inequality, unfair taxation, government debt, food shortages, and Enlightenment ideas
In 1804, what title did Napoleon give himself
Emperor of the French
Which Mexican preist launched an uprising against Spanish rule?
Miguel Hidalgo
How did the Tokugawa shogunate maintain order in Japan?
It unified Japan, enforced a strict social hierarchy, and controlled powerful daimyo families
What is the social contract
Government authority rests on an agreement with the people, people may challenge or replace a government that violates their rights
What document, declared that men were born free and equal in rights?
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
What was the Napoleonic Code?
A legal code that established equality before the law for men but restricted women's rights
Which Venezuelan born leader became known as El Libertador
Simon Bolivar
Compare one similarity between Louis XIV's France and Tokugawa Japan in how rulers maintained power.
Both centralized authority and used systems of control over powerful social groups to strengthen political stability
Mary Wollstonecraft argued that women needed equal access to education. Which later reform movement did her ideas help influence?
The women's rights and women's suffrage movements
Why did the Third Estate challenge the traditional Estates-General voting system?
Each estate traditionally had one vote, allowing the First and Second Estates to outvote the much larger Third Estate.
What was the result of Napoleon's invasion of Russia
The invasion ended in disaster and severely weakened his army
What major goal did the Haitian Revolution and Latin American independence movements share?
Ending colonial control and challenging existing systems of political power.
How did the Mughal Empire differ from Tokugawa in its approach to religious diversity?
Mughals promoted religious tolerance, while Japan maintained social order through a strict class hierarchy and control over society.
A government claims that a monarch should make and enforce laws without limits. Use Montesquieu's ideas to explain why this arrangement threatens liberty.
Combining powers allows the ruler to make and enforce unjust laws without an effective check on authority
Explain how revolutionary leaders in the Reign of Terror defended liberty while using repression and executions.
Leaders claimed harsh measures were necessary to defend the Revolution from enemies.
How did Napoleon's rule both continue and contradict the ideas of the French Revolution?
Preserved some revolutionary reforms, legal equality for men, but limited political freedom and crowned himself emperor
Why did all the newly independent territories not become one independent nation?
Newly independent territories under a government would be difficult because of regional differences and competing political interests.