Section I
What were some changes between Medieval and Renaissance Art?
Renaissance artists used new techniques that made the art look more realistic including anatomy, shading, and perspective.
What is transubstantiation?
Transubstantiation is the Roman Catholic doctrine that the bread and wine of the Lord's Supper change into the physical body and blood of Jesus.
What was the Great Schism?
The Great Schism was a period of seventy years in which there was both an Italian and a French pope that both excommunicated each other. People didn't know who was truly the pope and this conflict weakened people's trust in the church.
What did John Wycliffe make that was so special?
John Wycliffe translated the first Bible in the English language (instead of the Latin that could only be read by priests).
What does Reformation mean?
Reformation literally means "restoration" or "renewal."
What is perspective (in art)?
Perspective is a technique for adding depth to paintings
What did the Roman Catholic Church teach about how someone needed to be saved?
The Church taught that salvation is not by faith alone, but by faith plus good works.
What led to the Great Schism?
Pope Boniface VIII tried to strengthen the power of the Roman Church by issuing a decree that everyone, including kings, had to submit to the pope in order to be saved.
What happened to John Huss?
After speaking out against the corruption of the Roman Catholic Church and the claim that Roman Church ruled everyone, John attended the Council of Constance after being promised safe passage. He was convicted of being a heretic and burned at the stake.
Who was Ulrich Zwingli?
Zwingli was a Reformer in Switzerland. He disagreed with the Roman Catholic Church on transubstantiation, priests being forbidden from marriage, and purgatory before he ever heard of Martin Luther.
Who invented the printing press?
Johannes Gutenberg
What did the Roman Catholic Church consider to be equally authoritative with Scripture?
The Roman Catholic Church considered writings of early church fathers, traditions, and councils to be equal to the Scripture (even if they contradicted each other).
Which council resolved the Great Schism?
The Council of Constance in 1418 convinced the different popes to resign and a new pope was appointed.
Who was Martin Luther?
Martin Luther was a monk who issued 95 points of disagreement with the Roman Catholic Church. These disagreements spread and the Protestant Reformation began.
Who were the Anabaptists?
The Anabaptists were Reformers who rejected infant baptism and eventually turned to anarchism.
Name three works (total) created by either Leonardo Da Vinci, Raphael, or Michelangelo
The Last Supper and the Mona Lisa
The Sistine Chapel and sculpting the David statue.
School of Athens and the Transfiguration.
Who did people have to confess their sins to?
People were required to confess their sins to a priest (rather than directly to God).
What are indulgences?
Indulgences were a paper that granted pardon for the punishment of sins in exchange for money.
Where did Luther fully commit to his disagreements to the Roman Catholic Church?
Luther refused to recant (or reject) his disagreements with Rome at the "Diet of Worms," a council summoned to determine if Luther was a heretic or not.
Who was John Calvin?
John Calvin was a scholar, Reformer, and pastor who lived in the city of Geneva. His city became a safe haven for Reformers who had to hide from persecution.
What is shading?
Shading is a technique for adding dimension to figures in artwork.
What was the Inquisition?
A Roman Catholic Church court set up to find and punish heretics.
What did the sale of indulgences fund?
The sale of indulgences helped finish the construction of St. Peter's Basilica in Rome.
What did Luther produce?
Luther wrote many books and translated the Bible into German for the first time.
What famous book did John Calvin create?
The Institutes of the Christian Religion.