Verdun
This general, known (perhaps paradoxically) for both his strict discipline and extraordinary care for his troops' welfare, was the French commander at Verdun whose leadership turned the battle around during its most critical phase.
Phillipe Pétain
The "Big 4" at the Paris Conference was:
The 4 primary allies: US, France, Italy & Britain
Although the Bolshevik leader ______________ is considered the Father of the Soviet Union, _______________ (long dead by the time of the Russian Revolution) would probably be called its ideological father.
Vladimir Lenin, Karl Marx
Zimmerman, Mexico
After the war, the German commander in this offensive, General Falkenhayn, claimed that his primary goal at Verdun was to _______________. Many historians, however, see this rather simplistic reasoning - after the fact - as a cover for his failure to gain any actual strategic advantages on the ground...
"bleed France white"
Racial Equality
Lenin, who was an exile in Switzerland during the early years of WW1, was able to reenter Russia by _______________________ .
the Germans sending him in a sealed train car (along with cash to assist his revolutionary plans) back to Russia.
The quote "Americans can always be trusted to do the right thing, once all other possibilities have been exhausted…" was once stated by THIS British statesman.
Winston Churchill
Verdun was a complex of 19 sophisticated forts, the largest and most famous of which was ___________ .
Fort Douaumont
Unlike the peace conference which ended the Napoleonic Wars, the ________________ , the Paris Peace Conference did NOT include the defeated parties in the negotiations; rather, a peace was imposed upon them.
Congress of Vienna
Brest-Litovsk
When weighing their decision to reinstate unrestricted submarine warfare, the German High Command was gambling that ______________ would occur BEFORE _____________ .
Britain would starve / America could train & transport significant military forces to France
This critical supply route, the ________, 45 miles in length from Bar-le-Duc to Verdun, brought as many as 1800 tons of supplies daily to the French army throughout the campaign.
Voie Sacrée (sacred road)
The Paris Peace Conference created several new nation states out of formerly submerged European peoples. 3 examples of these would be:
Poland
Czechoslovakia
Yugoslavia
Finland
Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia
Josef Stalin - left out of the Paris Peace Conference and increasingly suspicious of his former capitalist Western allies - decided that the Soviet Union's survival depended upon rapid modernization. His campaigns to industrialize the Soviet Union at any cost during the 1920s and 1930s were called the ______________.
Five Year Plans
The National Defense & Naval Appropriations Acts of 1916 were demonstrative - not only of the steady drift of the US toward war - of America bringing its military might in line with it industrial capacity. The latter of these, in fact, mandated THIS for the US Navy by 1926:
That it would be "second to none" in the world.
Verdun was a site of national pride for France which, at least in part, must account for the nation's dogged and bloody determination to preserve it during WW1. Name 2 historical events associated with Verdun that contributed to its nostalgic value to the nation.
-843 Treaty of Verdun between Charlemagne's warring sons
-Its heroic defense during the French Revolution
-The Roman-esque suicide of its commander in lieu of its surrender during the French Revolution
-Its heroic holdout during the Franco-Prussian War
French Prime Minister George Clemenceau - suspicious of a future revitalized Germany - advocated unsuccessfully for a _______________ to protect the French border. Still weary of potential German aggression, France built the ______________ in the 1920s/30s along their eastern border.
The Russian Revolution was really 2 (relatively) bloodless revolutions followed by a civil war which killed untold millions. The February Revolution resulted in ________________. The later October Revolution saw the provisional government toppled by the ______________. The final victory of this latter group at the end of the civil war in 1922 is considered the birth of the _________________ .
Toppling of the Tsar
Bolsheviks
Soviet Union
In May, 1915 Woodrow Wilson remarked while speaking at a naturalization ceremony that, "there is such a thing as a nation being so right it does not need to convince others by force that it is right…" which alluded to why the US was remaining neutral in the war. This speech has sometimes been called the "______ _______ _______ _______" speech.
Too Proud to Fight